{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:02:22Z","timestamp":1789488142612,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32471519\uff0c32571690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471519\uff0c32571690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Evidence Based Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with schizophrenia exhibit decreased kidney function biomarkers in cross\u2010sectional studies, despite their elevated risk of chronic kidney disease. Evidence from large\u2010scale longitudinal studies to better understand this phenomenon remains limited. We aimed to explore the long\u2010term trajectories of kidney biomarkers in patients with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On the basis of the West China Hospital Alliance Longitudinal Epidemiology wellness (WHALE) study, an ongoing prospective cohort comprising approximately 680,000 participants, 510 schizophrenia patients, and 1490 non\u2010schizophrenia controls were included. Biomarkers, including metabolic waste products, original estimate glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs), and derived eGFRs, were extracted from the electronic health records. Latent class mixed model identified distinct trajectories, and logistic regression assessed the associations between schizophrenia and the identified trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Distinct kidney biomarkers trajectories were identified. Schizophrenia was associated with increased odds of the stable\u2010to\u2010decline trajectory in the 2012 cystatin C\u2010based equation (eGFRcys12) (odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a04.608,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), the decreasing trajectory (OR\u00a0=\u00a04.300,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) in the combined creatinine\u2013cystatin C equation (eGFRcc), the low stable\u2010to\u2010decline pattern for the mean of the eGFRcys12 and the 2021 creatinine\u2010based equation (mean eGFR) (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.563,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.018), and the stable\u2010to\u2010decline pattern for the difference of the eGFRcys12 and the 2021 creatinine\u2010based equation (eGFRdiff) (OR\u00a0=\u00a011.424,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schizophrenia patients tend to exhibit higher levels of eGFRcys12 and lower levels of mean eGFR and eGFRcc. Heterogeneity in the temporal sensitivity of kidney biomarkers suggests the need for tailored approaches to kidney disease monitoring in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.70126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T03:53:09Z","timestamp":1774497189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kidney Function Biomarkers and Longitudinal Changes in Schizophrenia: Evidence From a 14\u2010Year Health Checkup Cohort in Western China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ruolan","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Lab of Health Data Science, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Disease\u2010Related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Med\u2010X Center for Manufacturing,Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center General Practice Medical Center Lab of Health Data Science,Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center General Practice Medical Center Lab of Health Data Science,Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Lab of Health Data Science, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Disease\u2010Related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Med\u2010X Center for Manufacturing,Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio\u2010Resource and Eco\u2010Environment of Ministry of Education College of Life Sciences Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianlin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Lab of Health Data Science, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Disease\u2010Related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Med\u2010X Center for Manufacturing,Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Chinese Evidence\u2010Based Medicine Center West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Lab of Health Data Science, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Disease\u2010Related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Med\u2010X Center for Manufacturing,Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio\u2010Resource and Eco\u2010Environment of Ministry of Education College of Life Sciences Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanyan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Lab of Health Data Science, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Disease\u2010Related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Med\u2010X Center for Manufacturing,Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liao","family":"Banghua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Institute of Urology West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Lab of Health Data Science, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Disease\u2010Related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Med\u2010X Center for Manufacturing,Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Lab of Health Data Science, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Disease\u2010Related Molecular Network West China Hospital, Med\u2010X Center for Manufacturing,Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Saparia P.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403103301006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30078-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32316-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00007-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i38.5515"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.15691221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063188"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12091969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.S3.1084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01290-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Cystatin C With Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), Serum 2026","author":"Mayo Clinic Laboratories","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v078.i02"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"The GRoLTS\u2010Checklist: Guidelines for Reporting on Latent Trajectory Studies Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"24","author":"Schoot R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097991"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"541","article-title":"Protective Mechanisms by Cystatin C in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Gauthier S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar edition)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021070988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96447-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jebm.70126","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jebm.70126","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jebm.70126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:04:23Z","timestamp":1789484663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jebm.70126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jebm.70126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jebm.70126","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-5383","1756-5391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-5383","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-5391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70126"}}