{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:32:10Z","timestamp":1789515130925,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,20]],"date-time":"2019-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evaluation Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>With limited government\u2010sponsored breast screening programmes in developing countries, breast awareness remains the only realistic survival hope for millions. Poor levels of knowledge and preventive practices remain in these countries, and early enlightenment to empower teenage high school girls has been advocated for, recently. This study evaluates ways to ensure sustainability for such an approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 6\u2010month longitudinal, interventional cohort study of 432 high school female students in South\u2010eastern Nigeria. The efficacies of a video\u2010assisted face\u2010to\u2010face intervention, as well as the use of printed handouts, were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 317 (73.4%) and 301 (69.7%) valid responses were received from the pre\u2010intervention (16.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.5\u00a0years) and post\u2010intervention (17.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.6\u00a0years) surveys, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Logistic regression revealed that participants who were \u201cengaged\u201d with the campaigns, either through symposium attendance or by reading handouts, showed significant improvements on most aspects of knowledge regarding the cancer's early symptoms and risk factors, as well as breast self\u2010examination (BSE). However, the monthly practice of BSE was not significantly increased (Attendees: OR\u00a0=\u00a01.44, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.18; Handout\u2010readers: OR\u00a0=\u00a01.52; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.17).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Also, when \u201cengagement\u201d to the respective empowerment activities was disregarded, a chi\u2010squared analysis comparing the pre\u2010intervention and post\u2010intervention groups showed significant improvements on specific knowledge regarding risk factors and early symptoms of breast cancer, as well as BSE techniques and regular monthly practice: \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (1, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0596)\u00a0=\u00a046.703, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Across multiple parameters, the impact of exclusive face\u2010to\u2010face participation was not different to that from the reading of handouts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Face\u2010to\u2010face and handout were both effective and of similar impact. However, sustained impact on monthly BSE is doubtful. To surmount this, strategies to ensure ongoing engagements are vital. Perhaps adjusting existing high school curricula to allow repeated yearly teachings on breast cancer and BSE, along with in\u2010built\u2010in evaluation systems like examinations and quizzes, are ways of ensuring engagement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T06:58:38Z","timestamp":1548053918000},"page":"312-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sustainable and cost\u2010effective teenage breast awareness campaigns: Insights from a Nigerian high school intervention study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris O.","family":"Ifediora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer (Clinical Skills) Griffith University Medical School  Gold Coast Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel C.","family":"Azuike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer and Consultant Community Physician, Department of Community Medicine Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University\/University Teaching Hospital  Awka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Assessment of the knowledge and practice of breast self examination among female cleaners in Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Omoyeni OM","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Caring Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.WHO|Cancer. 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