{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T01:05:13Z","timestamp":1786410313677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evaluation Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subcutaneous heparin injections sometimes cause pain, ecchymosis, and hematoma. The prevalence of complications depends on the injection site, technique, and drug absorption. This study investigated the effect of two types of subcutaneous heparin injections on pain, ecchymosis, and hematoma as well as drug absorption rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study is a quasi\u2010experimental. The research was conducted between September 2021 and May 2022. The sample consisted of 122 patients treated in the general surgery clinic of a university hospital in the Black Sea region of T\u00fcrkiye. We used ultrasonography (USG) to measure the subcutaneous tissue thicknesses of the sites before heparin injections. We used the tissue\u2010releasing technique (TRT) to administer heparin injections to 68 participants (Group TRT). We used the tissue\u2010pinching technique (TPT) to administer heparin injections to 54 participants (Group TPT). We administered all injections into the arm or abdomen. We used a \u201cSubcutaneous Injection Form\u201d to collect data. We monitored all participants for the injection site, drug absorption after 1 day, pain, ecchymosis, and hematoma for 3 days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no significant difference in the prevalence of pain, ecchymosis, and hematoma between the groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Most injections into the arm and abdomen resulted in drug absorption. However, one in ten injections into the arm resulted in the needle reaching the muscle rather than the subcutaneous tissue (11.7%). Abdominal injections caused no complications. The drug was administered in the right place in abdominal injections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The tissue\u2010releasing and TPTs are not superior to each other as far as drug absorption, pain, ecchymosis, and hematoma are concerned. In this study recommend pinching the tissue or using the abdominal region in cases where the subcutaneous tissue thickness is less than 15.96\u2009mm. The nurse should consider Body Mass Index before choosing the right subcutaneous heparin injection site and the correct injection technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.14266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T13:13:10Z","timestamp":1733922790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of Two Types of Subcutaneous Heparin Injections on Pain, Ecchymosis, Hematoma and Drug Absorption: A Quasi\u2010Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9842-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sule Biyik","family":"Bayram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emel","family":"Gulnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences K\u0131r\u0131kkale University K\u0131r\u0131kkale Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4611-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurcan","family":"Cal\u0131skan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Gazi University Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polat","family":"Kosucu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onur","family":"Bektas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aysun","family":"Bayram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-4468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences Ordu University Ordu Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Conceps, Process and Practice","author":"Berman A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"442","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Nursing, Infection Prevention and Control","author":"Potter P. 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