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Balancing individual freedoms with containment measures serves to leverage the human capital needed for rapid learning and resource distribution. The Cynefin framework aids in understanding complex problem\u2010solving dynamics which involve varying degrees of order and chaos. Hierarchies in the ordered world support heterarchies which explore the unordered world. Both operate within scale free human systems which must adapt to existential challenges such as pandemics. Experience leading to knowledge and understanding occurs simultaneously at all dimensions of human existence. Ultimately, adaptive leadership and decentralized decision\u2010making, supported by the best available knowledge, enable effective pandemic management and restoration of normal societal functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.14268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T05:09:59Z","timestamp":1734325799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Managing Pandemic Threats\u2014The Need for Adaptive Leadership"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4809-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Worman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TriCity Medical Center  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2219-6281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim P.","family":"Sturmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle  Newcastle New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"International Society for Systems and Complexity Sciences for Health  Waitsfield Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2406427"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405730"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","volume-title":"Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response: A WHO Guidance Document","author":"Fukuda K.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.423.0462"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7205a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Rutter M.Wolpert andT.Greenhalgh 2020. \u201cManaging Uncertainty in the Covid\u201019 Era \u201dhttps:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/07\/22\/managing-uncertainty-in-the-covid-19-era\/.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3349"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies","author":"Ehrenreich R.","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Health Care as a Complex Adaptive System: Implications for Design and Management","volume":"38","author":"Rouse W. 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