{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T07:18:21Z","timestamp":1787815101627,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evaluation Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has developed a distinctive tradition of clinical teaching shaped by historical inheritance, institutional transformation and the modernization of medical education. Among its major teaching models, the master\u2010apprentice system, the academy system and modern clinical rotations represent three key stages in the evolution of clinical training. However, these models are often examined separately, and an integrated understanding of their historical continuity and contemporary educational significance remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aimed to examine the evolution of major clinical teaching models in TCM and to explore their implications for contemporary clinical education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review with a historical\u2010analytical perspective was conducted to analyse the origins, educational characteristics, strengths, limitations and modern transformation of the master\u2010apprentice system, the academy system and the clinical rotation model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review indicates that the master\u2010apprentice model has played a central role in transmitting tacit clinical knowledge, mentorship\u2010based learning and individualized professional formation. The academy system promoted the institutionalization of TCM education by integrating classical learning, scholarly exchange and practical cultivation. Modern clinical rotations have strengthened structured supervision, practical competence and exposure to diverse clinical settings, making them essential to contemporary TCM education. Each model, however, also has limitations, including the low standardizability of apprenticeship, the historical constraints of academy\u2010based teaching and the risk that overly standardized rotations may weaken the distinctive interpretive logic of TCM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evolution of TCM clinical teaching reflects a process of educational adaptation in which continuity and reform coexist. Future TCM clinical education should integrate mentorship, institutional learning and competency\u2010oriented practical training to cultivate clinically competent practitioners grounded in the intellectual traditions of TCM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.70568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:40:40Z","timestamp":1787510440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Teaching Models in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Integration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Taisong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Medical Literature and Culture Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology &amp; Optometry Medical School Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology &amp; Optometry Medical School Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhang","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3749-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Medical Literature and Culture Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan China"},{"name":"Ophthalmology &amp; Optometry Medical School Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center of Optometry and Children's Visual Impairment Prevention and Control Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"08","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Historical Foundations and Clinical Applications of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practices: From Academic Evolution to Modern Enlightenment","volume":"59","author":"Lu Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"582","article-title":"The Significance and Role of TCM Apprenticeship Education in TCM Course Teaching in Western Medical Universities","volume":"44","author":"Yang D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Medicine and Clinical"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jss.2023.111030"},{"issue":"01","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"Exploration of a New Model Combining TCM Apprenticeship With University Education","volume":"29","author":"Zhang X. 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