{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:52:38Z","timestamp":1791139958897,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evaluation Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale, Aims, and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rare catastrophic obstetric outcomes are uncommon in high\u2010income settings but may exert an influence on clinical practice that is disproportionate to their epidemiological frequency. This paper proposes the one\u2010per\u2010thousand effect, a conceptual framework describing how exceptional adverse events may progressively influence clinical judgement, organisational behaviour, and intervention thresholds. Although developed in obstetrics, the framework addresses broader questions of clinical decision\u2010making under uncertainty, patient safety, and healthcare evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A conceptual analysis was undertaken by integrating evidence and theory from obstetrics, cognitive psychology, patient safety, human factors, and defensive medicine. The framework examines how organisational memory, availability effects, hindsight and outcome bias, asymmetric accountability, and anticipation of blame may interact to shape clinical behaviour following rare catastrophic events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed model suggests that severe but infrequent adverse outcomes may produce organisational effects that extend beyond the individual case. Through reinforcing cognitive and organisational mechanisms, isolated catastrophes may progressively lower intervention thresholds, increase intervention rates and expose a much larger population to intervention\u2010related harms. The framework distinguishes targeted learning from identifiable failures and broader behavioural adaptation driven primarily by exceptional events rather than by proportionate evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The one\u2010per\u2010thousand effect offers a conceptual explanation for how rare catastrophic events may reshape routine clinical practice through organisational learning processes operating under uncertainty. By distinguishing proportionate learning from defensive adaptation, the framework provides a basis for strengthening clinical governance through prospective sequential review, just culture, structured professional support, and no\u2010fault compensation. Although illustrated in obstetrics, the proposed model may be applicable to other high\u2010risk healthcare settings in which rare adverse outcomes exert disproportionate organisational influence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.70629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:20:26Z","timestamp":1791138026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The One\u2010Per\u2010Thousand Effect: Rare Catastrophic Events, Hindsight, and Defensive Medicine in Modern Obstetrics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2579-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ragusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ospedale Civile di Sassuolo SpA Sassuolo Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15346","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"64","author":"McIntyre S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","volume-title":"Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity","author":"Beck U.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185","article-title":"Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk","volume":"47","author":"Kahneman D.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","first-page":"846","article-title":"Hindsight Bias and Outcome Bias in the Social Construction of Medical Negligence: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Hugh T. 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