{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:50:17Z","timestamp":1791298217046,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evaluation Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Modern medicine relies on standardisation and population\u2010level guidance to protect the public, yet these same structures can unintentionally filter out the anomalous cases that advance scientific understanding. This article argues that anomalies function as epistemic signals\u2014early indicators of where current knowledge is incomplete\u2014but are routinely lost through systemic pressures. Four mechanisms illustrate this pattern: time constraints that prevent clinicians from connecting atypical findings; diagnostic frameworks that act as epistemic filters when applied rigidly; evolving medical categories that reclassify cases only after definitions shift; and research designs that exclude patients who fall outside methodological requirements. Together, these mechanisms create an environment in which rare reactions and unusual presentations are screened out before they can contribute to clinical insight. The article proposes a parallel, low\u2010friction pathway for forwarding atypical cases to interdisciplinary groups, allowing medicine to reclaim information currently lost at the margins. Creating such epistemic space would help clinicians feel that their observations matter and would restore a core scientific principle: progress begins with the unexpected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.70640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:50:39Z","timestamp":1791294639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Individual in Medicine: Why Anomalies Matter"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6778-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Scholar British Colmbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","volume-title":"Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge","author":"Popper K.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203994627","volume-title":"The Logic of Scientific Discovery","author":"Popper K.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","volume-title":"Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity","author":"Holland J. H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195124415.001.0001","volume-title":"Complexity: A Guided Tour","author":"Mitchell M.","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Myocarditis Case Definition and Guidelines for Data Collection, Analysis, and Presentation","volume":"23","author":"Brighton Collaboration","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Surveillance Definitions and Their Use in Clinical Settings","volume":"112","author":"Buehler J. W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Stegenga Medical Nihilism(Oxford University Press 2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198747048.003.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","unstructured":"R. Bluhm \u201cEvidence\u2011Based Medicine and Epistemic Injustice.\u201dHypatia32 no. 2 (2017): 354\u2013370."}],"container-title":["Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jep.70640","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jep.70640","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jep.70640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:50:41Z","timestamp":1791294641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jep.70640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jep.70640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jep.70640","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1356-1294","1365-2753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1356-1294","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2753","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70640"}}