{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:58:32Z","timestamp":1792166312526,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]],"date-time":"2018-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant type 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant type 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["type 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["type 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Esthet Restor Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) has recently increased as an alternative to conventional smoking tobacco products. The literature is scarce on the effects of ECIGs on dental and oral structures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to observe whether ECIG aerosol could alter the color of dental enamel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010three bovine enamel specimens were randomly separated into groups (n\u2009=\u20097) and treated with aerosols with different e\u2010liquid flavors (neutral, menthol, and tobacco) and nicotine content (0, 12, and 18\u2009mg). The initial color assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer (Easy Shade\u2014Vita). Dental enamel was exposed to 20\u2009cycles of ECIG aerosol in a smoking machine, and the final color was measured. The color change was evaluated using \u0394Eab, \u0394E00, and Whiteness Index (WI<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>) formulae. Differences in L* a* b* coordinates were calculated, and data were analyzed (two\u2010way ANOVA, uncorrected Fisher's LSD post hoc test, \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Luminosity (\u0394L) was reduced by aerosols with almost all levels of nicotine content and neutral and menthol flavors. Flavored e\u2010liquids caused more color change (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) according to \u0394Eab and \u0394E00. \u0394E values from both formulae exceeded the thresholds for perceptible visual alterations of color. WI<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub> increased after ECIGs exposure for menthol and tobacco and decreased for neutral flavors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>ECIG aerosol from e\u2010liquids with different nicotine contents and flavors altered enamel color. Menthol and tobacco e\u2010liquids may alter the enamel color decreasing the yellowness of the enamel compared to neutral e\u2010liquid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electronic cigarettes can cause perceptible changes in tooth color, altering dental esthetics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,27]],"date-time":"2018-10-27T11:48:20Z","timestamp":1540640900000},"page":"160-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The effect of electronic cigarettes on dental enamel color"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Pintado\u2010Palomino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeir\u00e3o 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