{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:07:04Z","timestamp":1785150424209,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Esthet Restor Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze and compare the impact of acidic media on the surface characteristics of highly filled flowable resin\u2010based composites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred fifty\u2010six specimens were divided into four groups: GUF (G\u2010aenial Universal Flo), GUI (G\u2010aenial Universal Injectable), TEF (Tetric EvoFlow), and FSF (Filtek Supreme Flowable Restorative). Surface characteristics were analyzed before (T0) and after specimens immersion in different media, such as gastric juice (GJ), fizzy drink (FD), citric juice (CJ), or artificial saliva (AS), for 9\u2009h (T1) and 18\u2009h (T2). The analyses included surface roughness (SR) measurements, where average roughness (<jats:italic>Ra<\/jats:italic>) was obtained, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and surface hardness (SH) evaluation, with Vickers numbers (HV) reported. The differences in values among groups\/subgroups within the same stage were assessed using two\u2010way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test, whereas repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to compare the changes in values through the stages. Data were presented as mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation (SD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At T0, GUI and GUF revealed lower <jats:italic>Ra<\/jats:italic> values (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), more evenness in SEM micrographs, and higher HV values (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) than FSF and TEF. At T1 and T2, specimens of all groups\/subgroups demonstrated an increase in <jats:italic>Ra<\/jats:italic> and a decrease in HV compared with T0 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), as well as the changes in surface morphology on SEM micrographs. The lowest <jats:italic>Ra<\/jats:italic> and highest HV values were observed in GUI group, in contrast to FSF group, and in specimens immersed in GJ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>GUI revealed lower SR and higher SH compared to GUF and FSF both before and after exposure to acidic media. The presence of acidic media, especially GJ, significantly increases SR and decreases SH of tested materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Information on the changes in the surface characteristics of highly filled resin\u2010based composites after exposure to acidic media may be essential for the longevity of restorations like composite veneers fabricated from these materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T23:28:31Z","timestamp":1724282911000},"page":"465-476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of acidic media on surface characteristics of highly filled flowable resin\u2010based composites: An in vitro 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