{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:10:27Z","timestamp":1790233827434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Esthet Restor Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The application of deep learning techniques for detecting caries in bitewing radiographs has gained significant attention in recent years. However, the comparative performance of various modern deep learning models and strategies to enhance their accuracy remains an area requiring further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explored the capabilities of 11 widely used YOLO (You Only Look Once) object detection models to automatically identify enamel and dentin caries from bitewing radiographs. To further optimize detection performance, the YOLOv9c model's backbone architecture was refined, reducing both model size and computational requirements. The enhanced model was assessed alongside six dentists, using the same test dataset for direct comparison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed YOLOv9c model achieved the highest performance among the evaluated models, with recall, precision, specificity, F1\u2010score, and Youden index values of 0.727, 0.651, 0.726, 0.687, and 0.453, respectively. Notably, the YOLOv9c model surpassed the performance of the dentists, as indicated by its recall and F1\u2010score values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed YOLOv9c model proved to be highly effective in detecting enamel and dentin caries, outperforming other models and even clinical evaluations by dentists in this study. Its high accuracy positions it as a valuable tool to augment dentists' diagnostic capabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results emphasize the potential of the YOLOv9c model to assist dentists in clinical settings, offering accurate and efficient support for caries detection and contributing to improved patient outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T12:09:05Z","timestamp":1744027745000},"page":"1949-1961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evaluation of Caries Detection on Bitewing Radiographs: A Comparative Analysis of the Improved Deep Learning Model and Dentist Performance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7488-895X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baturalp","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Bursa Uludag University  Bursa Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5463-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enes","family":"Ayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture K\u0131r\u0131kkale University  K\u0131r\u0131kkale Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6khan","family":"Karada\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry K\u0131r\u0131kkale University  K\u0131r\u0131kkale Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6250-5651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Bayraktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry K\u0131r\u0131kkale University  K\u0131r\u0131kkale Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"470","article-title":"A Closer Look at Diagnosis in Clinical Dental Practice: Part 4. Effectiveness of Nonradiographic Diagnostic Procedures and Devices in Dental Practice","volume":"70","author":"Maupom\u00e9 G.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Dental Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Influence of Education Level and Experience on Detection of Approximal Caries in Digital Dental Radiographs. An In\u00a0Vitro Study","volume":"34","author":"Hell\u00e9n\u2010Halme K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Swedish Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784\u2010017\u20102078\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20190107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000047425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04061-1_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3054390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784\u2010024\u201005566\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2020.1840624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903\u2010024\u201004274\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10060430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.105061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903\u2010023\u201003819\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201053758\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2023.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11282\u2010019\u201000409\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201062321\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201049613\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dmfr\/twae028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2023.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10070984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784\u2010021\u201003990\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43827-1_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72751-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2022.103812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. G.Ragab S. J.Abdulkader A.Muneer et\u00a0al. \u201cA Comprehensive Systematic Review of YOLO for Medical Object Detection (2018\u20132023) \u201d IEEE Access (2024) https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/10494845\/.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3386826"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2024.104200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1939"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/machines11070677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","unstructured":"J.RedmonandA.Farhadi \u201cYOLOv3: An Incremental Improvement.\u201d arXiv Preprint (2018) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1804.02767."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"G.Jocher A.Stoken J.Borovec et\u00a0al. \u201cUltralytics\/yolov5: v3.1\u2014Bug Fixes and Performance Improvements \u201d (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4154370."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.\u2010Y.Wang A.Bochkovskiy andH.\u2010Y. M.Liao \u201cYOLOv7: Trainable Bag\u2010of\u2010Freebies Sets New State\u2010of\u2010The\u2010Art for Real\u2010Time Object Detectors \u201d (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2207.02696.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","unstructured":"A.Wang H.Chen L.Liu et\u00a0al. \u201cYOLOv10: Real\u2010Time End\u2010To\u2010End Object Detection \u201d (2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2405.14458."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","unstructured":"R.KhanamandM.Hussain \u201cYOLOv11: An Overview of the Key Architectural Enhancements \u201d (2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2410.17725."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Paszke A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01157"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14219863"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000147512.81966.ba"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/30526171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.103226"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755\u2010019\u20100096\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.103260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784\u2010021\u201004040\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784\u2010023\u201005335\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784\u2010024\u201005528\u20102"}],"container-title":["Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jerd.13470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T08:49:20Z","timestamp":1749718160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jerd.13470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jerd.13470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jerd.13470","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1496-4155","1708-8240"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1496-4155","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8240","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}