{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T06:26:54Z","timestamp":1787293614558,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016289","name":"Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Esthet Restor Dent"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Chitosan is a naturally derived polysaccharide with antibacterial and bioactive properties. This study evaluated the effect of incorporating chitosan nanoparticles into a resin infiltrant on the color change, microhardness, wettability, and penetration depth of the treated white spot lesions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty\u2010four bovine central incisors were prepared and baseline color and microhardness were measured. Artificial white spot lesions were created and specimens were randomly received either a resin infiltrant or a resin infiltrant containing 0.25\u2009wt% chitosan nanoparticles. Color and microhardness were reassessed after infiltration, after 7\u2009days of coffee immersion, and following secondary demineralization. Resin penetration depth was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, and surface wettability was assessed by contact angle measurement. Data were analyzed using repeated\u2010measures analysis of variance and independent\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010tests (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Chitosan incorporation significantly improved initial color of white spot lesions (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.022); however, after coffee immersion, it caused greater color change (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.003). Stepwise color changes did not differ significantly between the groups (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05). Although initial surface microhardness values were lower in the chitosan group, this group demonstrated a more stable hardness change after secondary demineralization (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Resin penetration depth and surface wettability were not significantly affected by chitosan addition (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles improved initial masking ability and resistance to acid\u2010induced hardness loss without compromising penetration depth or hydrophilicity of resin infiltrant over treated enamel. However, increased susceptibility to extrinsic staining highlights the need for further optimization to balance mechanical stability and long\u2010term optical performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.70230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T06:17:56Z","timestamp":1787293076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Adding Chitosan Nanoparticle Into Resin Infiltrant on the Color and Surface Microhardness of the Treated Enamel"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0024-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soha","family":"Salavati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Valizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Professor of Biomaterials University of British Columbia, Faculty of Dentistry Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3559-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safoura","family":"Ghodsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.07.011","article-title":"In Vitro Effect of a Resin Infiltrant on Different Artificial Caries\u2010Like Enamel Lesions","volume":"95","author":"Almendra Freitas M. C. C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Oral Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management","author":"Fejerskov O.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.02.029","article-title":"Durability of Esthetic Improvement Following Icon Resin Infiltration of Multibracket\u2010Induced White Spot Lesions Compared With no Therapy Over 6 Months: A Single\u2010Center, Split\u2010Mouth, Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"144","author":"Kn\u00f6sel M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-11-6","article-title":"Factors Influencing Patient Satisfaction With Dental Appearance and Treatments They Desire to Improve Aesthetics","volume":"11","author":"Tin\u2010Oo M. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54411730143\u2010e","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i7.30143","article-title":"Resin Infiltrant as a Treatment of Common Changes in Dental Enamel: Narrative Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"Damasceno J. E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research, Society and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_36_23","article-title":"The Penetration Depth of Resin Infiltration Into Enamel: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim D. F. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.04.003","article-title":"Masking of White Spot Lesions by Resin Infiltration in Vitro","volume":"41","author":"Paris S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2024.51.7.516","article-title":"An Overview of the Resin\u2010Infiltration Technique","volume":"51","author":"Moeinian M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dental Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"An Updated Review on the Resin Infiltration Technique of Incipient Proximal Enamel Lesions","volume":"16","author":"Kielbassa A. M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medical Evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.25.371","article-title":"Color Stability of Resin Composites After Immersion in Different Drinks","volume":"25","author":"Ertas E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dental Materials Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.07.001","article-title":"Microhardness and Surface Roughness of Resin Infiltrated Bleached Enamel Surface Using Atomic Force Microscopy: An in Vitro Study","volume":"35","author":"Alsafi A. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Dental Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.26477\/jbcd.v34i1.3091","article-title":"Effect of Resin Infiltration and Microabrasion on the Microhardness of the Artificial White Spot Lesions (An in Vitro Study)","volume":"34","author":"Al\u2010Mamoori R. M. H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2024.03.003","article-title":"Evaluation of Resin Infiltration for Inhibiting Initial Caries Progression: An in Vitro Study Using Micro\u2010Computed Tomographic Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Predapramote V.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effect of Extent of White Spot Lesions on the Esthetic Outcome After Treatment by the Resin Infiltration Technique: A Clinical Trial","volume":"20","author":"Gholami S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Dentistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1858","article-title":"Hydrolytic and Color Stability of Resin Infiltration: A Preliminary in Vitro Trial","volume":"17","author":"Ritwik P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13030112","article-title":"Color Change and Color Stability of White Spot Lesions Treated With Resin Infiltration, Microabrasion, or Nano\u2010Hydroxyapatite Remineralization: An in Vitro Study","volume":"13","author":"Novozhilova N.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dentistry Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04693-w","article-title":"The Color Stability of Artificial White Spot Lesions Treated With Resin Infiltration After Exposure to Staining Beverages","volume":"24","author":"Limvisitsakul A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0265","article-title":"Survival and Reasons for Failure of Amalgam Versus Composite Posterior Restorations Placed in a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"138","author":"Bernardo M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103355","article-title":"Anti\u2010Caries Effect of Resin Infiltrant Modified by Quaternary Ammonium Monomers","volume":"97","author":"Yu J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2024.103766","article-title":"The Effect of Adding Chitosan Nanoparticles on Different Properties of the Adhesive and High\u2010Filled Composite Resin","volume":"134","author":"Masoumi M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.02.004","article-title":"Development of Novel Dental Restorative Composites With Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Loaded Chitosan Fillers","volume":"36","author":"Tanaka C. B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dental Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Tahmasbi S.Tavakol Davani M.Namdari andM.Atai \u201cSurface Microhardness Masking and Color Stability of white Spot Lesions Infiltrated by Icon versus an Experimental Resin Containing MA\u2010POSS Nanoparticles\u201d(2024).","DOI":"10.61186\/jrdms.9.4.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e075","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0075","article-title":"Effect of Iodonium Salt and Chitosan on the Physical and Antibacterial Properties of Experimental Infiltrants","volume":"33","author":"Flor\u2010Ribeiro M. D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian Oral Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.063","article-title":"Colour Stability of Resin Infiltrated White Spot Lesion After Exposure to Stain\u2010Causing Drinks","volume":"29","author":"Alqahtani S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12308","article-title":"Effect of Resin Infiltration on the Color and Microhardness of Bleached White\u2010Spot Lesions in Bovine Enamel (An in Vitro Study)","volume":"29","author":"Horuztepe S. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.06.004","article-title":"Chitosan effect on dental enamel de\u2010remineralization: an in\u00a0vitro evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Arnaud T. M. S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6017","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030441b","article-title":"Chitosan Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Perspectives","volume":"104","author":"Kumar M. R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemical Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20701","article-title":"Validation of Two Dual Fluorescence Techniques for Confocal Microscopic Visualization of Resin Penetration Into Enamel Caries Lesions","volume":"72","author":"Paris S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microscopy Research and Technique"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808701201","article-title":"Improved Resin Infiltration of Natural Caries Lesions","volume":"87","author":"Meyer\u2010Lueckel H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/md23050199","article-title":"Dental Resin Composites Modified With Chitosan: A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Dobrzy\u0144ski W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Marine Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2341\/13-259-L","article-title":"Evaluation of Stain Penetration by Beverages in Demineralized Enamel Treated With Resin Infiltration","volume":"41","author":"Lee J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Operative Dentistry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jerd.70230","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jerd.70230","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jerd.70230","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T06:18:06Z","timestamp":1787293086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jerd.70230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jerd.70230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jerd.70230","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1496-4155","1708-8240"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1496-4155","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8240","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jerd.70230"}}