{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:19:41Z","timestamp":1761988781599,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]],"date-time":"2015-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Employment and Innovation of the Regional Government of Extremadura"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> infects virtually all warm\u2010blooded hosts worldwide. Recently, attention has been focused on the genetic diversity of the parasite to explain its pathogenicity in different hosts. It has been hypothesized that interaction between feral and domestic cycles of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> may increase unusual genotypes in domestic cats and facilitate transmission of potentially more pathogenic genotypes to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. In the present study, we tested black bear (<jats:italic>Ursus americanus<\/jats:italic>), bobcat (<jats:italic>Lynx rufus<\/jats:italic>), and feral cat (<jats:italic>Felis catus<\/jats:italic>) from the state of Pennsylvania for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection. Antibodies to <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> were found in 32 (84.2%) of 38 bears, both bobcats, and 2 of 3 feral cats tested by the modified agglutination test (cut off titer 1:25). Hearts from seropositive animals were bioassayed in mice, and viable <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> was isolated from 3 of 32 bears, 2 of 2 bobcats, and 2 of 3 feral cats. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> isolated from culture\u2010derived tachyzoites of these isolates was characterized using multilocus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RFLP<\/jats:styled-content> markers. Three genotypes were revealed, including Toxo<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DB PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RFLP<\/jats:styled-content> genotype #1 or #3 (Type <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>, 1 isolate), #5 (Type 12, 3 isolates), and #216 (3 isolates), adding to the evidence of genetic diversity of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in wildlife in Pennsylvania. Pathogenicity of 3 <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> isolates (all #216, 1 from bear, and 2 from feral cat) was determined in outbred Swiss Webster mice; all three were virulent causing 100% mortality. Results indicated that highly mouse pathogenic strains of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> are circulating in wildlife, and these strains may pose risk to infect human through consuming of game meat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T14:09:19Z","timestamp":1415887759000},"page":"410-415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Isolation and Genetic Characterization of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> from Black Bears (<i>Ursus americanus<\/i>), Bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus<\/i>), and Feral Cats (<i>Felis catus<\/i>) from Pennsylvania"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Jitender P.","family":"Dubey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland 20705\u20102350"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiv K.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland 20705\u20102350"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Calero\u2010Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland 20705\u20102350"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana B.","family":"Cassinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland 20705\u20102350"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver C. H.","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland 20705\u20102350"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Van Why","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services Harrisburg Pennsylvania 17106\u20100827"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology The University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996\u20100845"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan G.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana Pennsylvania 15705"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Alt G. 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