{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T03:07:40Z","timestamp":1773630460627,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pace University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> is a sexually transmitted parasite and, while it is often asymptomatic in males, the parasite is associated with disease in both sexes. Metronidazole is an effective treatment for trichomoniasis, but resistant strains have evolved and, thus, it has become necessary to investigate other possible therapies. In this study, we examined the effects of native and oxidized forms of the sodium salts of eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic acids on <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> activity. Eicosapentaenoic acid was the most toxic with 190 and 380\u00a0\u03bcM causing approximately 90% cell death in Casu2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATCC<\/jats:styled-content> 50142 strains, respectively. In contrast, oxidized eicosapentaenoic acid was the least toxic, requiring &gt;\u00a03\u00a0mM to inhibit activity, while low levels (10\u00a0\u03bcM) were associated with increased parasite density. Mass spectrometric analysis of oxidized eicosapentaenoic acid revealed C20 products containing one to six additional oxygen atoms and various degrees of bond saturation. These results indicate that eicosapentaenoic acid has different effects on <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> survival, depending on whether it is present in the native or oxidized form. A better understanding of lipid metabolism in <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> may facilitate the design of synthetic fatty acids that are effective for the treatment of metronidazole\u2010resistant <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]],"date-time":"2015-09-03T02:43:13Z","timestamp":1441248193000},"page":"153-161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Eicosapentaenoic Acid Modulates <i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i> Activity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Travis","family":"Korosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Haskins Laboratories Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences Pace University 41 Park Row New York City New York 10038"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey D.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Haskins Laboratories Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences Pace University 41 Park Row New York City New York 10038"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ja\u2010Shin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Haskins Laboratories Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences Pace University 41 Park Row New York City New York 10038"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Yarlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Haskins Laboratories Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences Pace University 41 Park Row New York City New York 10038"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita K.","family":"Upmacis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Haskins Laboratories Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences Pace University 41 Park Row New York City New York 10038"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7848"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2848-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(98)00004-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b38a4b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.1999.0098"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1330"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90021-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90225-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1505S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.1020S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199707000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1520-765X(01)90118-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3274682"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-140-9-2489"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00365.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199908000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4137\/LPI.S10862","article-title":"Mass spectrometric analysis of oxidized eicosapentaenoic acid sodium salt","volume":"6","author":"Jordan K. D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipid Insights"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/386309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Persistent Trichomonas vaginalis infection due to a metronidazole\u2010resistant strain","volume":"134","author":"Krajden S.","year":"1986","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.10.4152-4157.1997","article-title":"Enhancement of neutrophil\u2010mediated killing of Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood forms by fatty acids: importance of fatty acid structure","volume":"65","author":"Kumaratilake L. M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115678"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.33.19330"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000069566.78305.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Properties of Trichomonas vaginalis grown under chemostat controlled growth conditions","volume":"66","author":"Lehker M. W.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-131-1-87"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.5.948"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25420"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000179874.76360.ad"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016959"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","first-page":"2879","article-title":"The hydrogenosome","volume":"139","author":"Muller M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198801000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-011-0425-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.1.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.5.1121","article-title":"In vitro effect of tinidazole and furazolidone on metronidazole\u2010resistant Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"40","author":"Narcisi E. M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42545"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90097-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/143446103322454095"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","first-page":"665","article-title":"Trichomonal vaginitis resistant to metranidazole","volume":"86","author":"Robinson S. C.","year":"1962","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md10112535"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090591"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199707000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-13-41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498221"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.794-803.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.8.1197"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020760"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.11.4475-4482.1992","article-title":"A novel neutrophil\u2010activating factor released by Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"60","author":"Shaio M. F.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-008-9157-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-14-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.1.197-202.1997","article-title":"Vitamin E\u2010deficient diets enriched with fish oil suppress lethal Plasmodium yoelii infections in athymic and scid\/bg mice","volume":"65","author":"Taylor D. W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00902.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321884111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2014.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2004.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010","volume":"59","author":"Workowski K. A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703108200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60527-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjeu.12263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjeu.12263","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jeu.12263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T10:51:20Z","timestamp":1696243880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jeu.12263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jeu.12263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeu.12263","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-5234","1550-7408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1066-5234","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-7408","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-08-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-08-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-09-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}