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Originally discovered as an adaptive prokaryotic immune system, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRISPR<\/jats:styled-content>\/Cas9 has been repurposed for genome editing in a broad range of model organisms, from yeast to mammalian cells. Protist parasites are unicellular organisms producing important human diseases that affect millions of people around the world. For many of these diseases, such as malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and cryptosporidiosis, there are no effective treatments or vaccines available. The recent adaptation of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRISPR<\/jats:styled-content>\/Cas9 technology to several protist models will be playing a key role in the functional study of their proteins, in the characterization of their metabolic pathways, and in the understanding of their biology, and will facilitate the search for new chemotherapeutic targets. In this work we review recent studies where the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRISPR<\/jats:styled-content>\/Cas9 system was adapted to protist parasites, particularly to Apicomplexans and trypanosomatids, emphasizing the different molecular strategies used for genome editing of each organism, as well as their advantages. We also discuss the potential usefulness of this technology in the green alga <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T15:07:03Z","timestamp":1466176023000},"page":"679-690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Genome Editing by <scp>CRISPR<\/scp>\/Cas9: A Game Change in the Genetic Manipulation of Protists"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Noelia","family":"Lander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Cl\u00ednica Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo 13083 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Chiurillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Cl\u00ednica Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo 13083 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Docampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia Cl\u00ednica Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo 13083 Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00229-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28048-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2015.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70772-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09886"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0510001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2012.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00357-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2925"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.152710"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2647"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00358-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.12.5429-5433.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02839.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00213-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt780"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225829"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12801"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184785"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt881"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16526"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05114-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00512-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01012-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-015-0153-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5725"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01173-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2014.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1487-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-004-0046-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir807"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13397"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13769"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02097-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27437-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01114-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100450"},{"key":"e_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