{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:59:48Z","timestamp":1760122788884,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China","award":["2015CB150300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB150300"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>) is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can infect almost all nucleated cells. Histone proteins and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> form the nucleosomes, which are the fundamental building blocks of eukaryotic chromatin. Histone 4 is an essential component of a histone octamer. In the present study, <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> histone 4 (TgH4) was cloned and the regulatory effect of TgH4 on murine macrophages was characterized. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that TgH4 was highly conserved in structure. Recombinant TgH4 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rTgH<\/jats:styled-content>4) protein was identified by sera from rats experimentally infected with <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> and native TgH4 in the total soluble protein of <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic> tachyzoites was recognized by polyclonal antibodies against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rTgH<\/jats:styled-content>4, as indicated by immunoblotting analysis. Immunofluorescence assay showed that TgH4 binds to macrophages. Following incubation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rTgH<\/jats:styled-content>4, the toll\u2010like receptor 4 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4) level of the macrophages was downregulated. Meanwhile, chemotaxis and the proliferation of macrophages were inhibited. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rTgH<\/jats:styled-content>4 can promote phagocytosis, apoptosis, and the secretion of nitric oxide, interleukin\u20106, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 from macrophages. Just 80\u00a0\u03bcg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ml rTgH<\/jats:styled-content>4 can significantly elevate the secretion of interleukin\u201010 and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05 and <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01). Viewed together, these outcomes indicated that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rTgH<\/jats:styled-content>4 can affect the functions of murine macrophages in\u00a0vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T03:55:01Z","timestamp":1525319701000},"page":"860-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> Histone 4 Affects Some Functions of Murine Ana\u20101 Macrophages In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Xinchao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiangqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoni","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingmin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ehsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RuoFeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"XiaoKai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7143-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"XiangRui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Andrew D.2001.Chemotaxis: Role in Immune Response."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M407235200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00491"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.01093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141550"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.6.1762","article-title":"Human monocyte adherence: a primary effect of chemotactic factors on the monocyte to stimulate adherence to human endothelium","volume":"138","author":"Doherty D. 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