{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:28:57Z","timestamp":1780936137055,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011084","name":"Sigma Xia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic> causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a deadly infection that occurs when free\u2010living amoebae enter the nose via freshwater and travel to the brain. <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>fowleri<\/jats:italic> naturally thrives in freshwater and soil and is thought to be associated with elevated water temperatures. While environmental and laboratory studies have sought to identify what environmental factors influence its presence, many questions remain. This study investigated the interactive effects of temperature, pH, and salinity on <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>fowleri<\/jats:italic> in deionized and environmental waters. Three temperatures (15, 25, 35\u00b0C), pH values (6.5, 7.5, 8.5), and salinity concentrations (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5% NaCl) were used to evaluate the growth of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>fowleri<\/jats:italic> via ATP luminescent assays. Results indicated <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>fowleri<\/jats:italic> grew best at 25\u00b0C, and multiple interactive effects occurred between abiotic factors. Interactions varied slightly by water type but were largely driven by temperature and salinity. Lower temperature increased <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>fowleri<\/jats:italic> persistence at higher salinity levels, while low salinity (0.5% NaCl) supported <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>fowleri<\/jats:italic> growth at all temperatures. This research provided an experimental approach to assess interactive effects influencing the persistence of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>fowleri<\/jats:italic>. As climate change impacts water temperatures and conditions, understanding the microbial ecology of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>fowleri<\/jats:italic> will be needed minimize pathogen exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T13:31:10Z","timestamp":1674999070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Investigating the interactive effects of temperature, p<scp>H<\/scp>, and salinity on <i>Naegleria fowleri<\/i> persistence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Leigha M.","family":"Stahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama  Tuscaloosa Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4517-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie B.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama  Tuscaloosa Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2014.106.0140"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1409.071076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00288330.1983.9515987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711000402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"The influence of temperature on the growth of Naegleria fowleri and N. gruberi in axenic culture","volume":"24","author":"Cerva L.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Some further characteristics of the growth of Naegleria fowleri and N. gruberi in axenic culture","volume":"25","author":"Cerva L.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Pathogenic free\u2010living amoebae and recreational waters","author":"Chang S.L.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.35.2.368-375.1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1977.26.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00643-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3226659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12881"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01293-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4063.869"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1983.tb02939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2010.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2016.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.7.2200-2205.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1275-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.47.1.12-14.1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00937109","article-title":"Seasonal distribution of pathogenic free\u2010living amebae in Oklahoma waters","volume":"81","author":"John D.T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"The effects of some factors on the growth and morphology of Naegleria sp. and three strains of the genus acanthamoeba","volume":"22","author":"Kadlec V.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.684423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Surveillance of Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri in environmental water by using the duplex real\u2010time PCR","volume":"54","author":"Kim M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12719"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2009.0062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/71.2.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2020.125791"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05657"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4197-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137736"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es900432m"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05122-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01899-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa238"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.34.6.701-705.1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.45.3.974-979.1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(80)90226-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0870-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3279896"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.34.6.661-667.1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/18-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jeu.12964","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jeu.12964","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jeu.12964","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T15:59:06Z","timestamp":1692547146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jeu.12964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jeu.12964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jeu.12964","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-5234","1550-7408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1066-5234","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-7408","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12964"}}