{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:36:23Z","timestamp":1753878983974,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic> is a flagellated parasite that primarily infects the reproductive tissues of livestock, causing bovine trichomoniasis. The cytoplasmic membrane of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> contains various compounds that contribute to adherence, colonization, and pathogenicity. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the main treatment for trichomoniasis, but the emergence of drug\u2010resistant strains is a concern due to improper use and dosing. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> infection induces inflammation, and macrophages are key players in the immune response. However, our understanding of the host's immune response to <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> is limited, and the specific mechanisms underlying these responses are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> surface proteins from trophozoites cultured under different sublethal MTZ conditions (MTZ\u2010treated <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> MPs) on macrophage activation. By analyzing cytokine levels and gene expression in murine macrophages, we demonstrated that MTZ\u2010treated <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> MPs induce a specific proinflammatory response. MTZ\u2010treated <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> MPs\u2010exposed macrophages exhibited a higher NO and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production and overexpression of <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NOX\u20102<\/jats:italic> genes in comparison to untreated <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, MTZ\u2010treated <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> MPs triggered a significant induction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IFN\u2010\u03b3, as well as the overexpression of the <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>MyD88<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:italic> genes on murine macrophages. The study aimed to unravel the immunological response and potential proinflammatory pathways involved in <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> infection and MTZ stress. Understanding the immune responses and mechanisms through which <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>foetus<\/jats:italic> surface proteins activate macrophages can contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for controlling bovine trichomoniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.13000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T05:21:05Z","timestamp":1693891265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exposure of <i>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/i> to sublethal doses of metronidazole induces a specific proinflammatory response in murine macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Ceballos\u2010G\u00f3ngora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  Merida Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  Merida Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0417-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Torres\u2010Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  Merida Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1434-1677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Ermilo","family":"Arana\u2010Arg\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  Merida Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9212-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elizbeth","family":"Alvarez\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico  M\u00e9xico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7311-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Acosta\u2010Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales \u201cDr. Hideyo Noguchi\u201d Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  Merida Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8118-5929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Euan\u2010Canto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  Merida Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  Merida Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2049-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leidi Cristal","family":"Alvarez\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Yucat\u00e1n  Merida Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2020.1810703"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30346-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"400","article-title":"Resistencia de Trichomonas foetus a tricomonicidas. 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