{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:12:16Z","timestamp":1791843136525,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA21105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001316","name":"University of Kent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., one of the most prevalent microeukaryotes in the human gut, has long puzzled researchers with its ambiguous role in health and disease. Decades\u2010old microscopy studies reported bacterial\u2010 and viral\u2010like particles within\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. cells, but these findings have been mainly overlooked. Comparable associations in other protozoa, such as those between\n                    <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as protozoan\u2013virus interactions, are known to influence metabolism, immune evasion, and ecological fitness. Here, we revisit these neglected observations in\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., framing them within the holobiont concept and proposing that this protist may host its own microbial consortium. We also propose potential mechanisms, ecological implications, and modern experimental strategies\u2014from organ\u2010on\u2010a\u2010chip to single\u2010cell multi\u2010omics\u2014to rigorously test this hypothesis. Recognizing\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. as a possible \u201cmicrobiome within a microbe\u201d could transform our understanding of its biology and its place in gut microbial ecology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.70056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T06:50:44Z","timestamp":1769496644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Microbiome Within a Microbe: Rethinking\n                    <i>Blastocystis<\/i>\n                    Biology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6188-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisy","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology School of Natural Sciences, University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3306-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Gentekaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Nicosia School of Veterinary Medicine  Nicosia Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5424-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios D.","family":"Tsaousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology School of Natural Sciences, University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1008684"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13020328"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010014\u20100469\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"A Survey of Blastocystis sp. in Rodents","volume":"47","author":"Chen X. 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