{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:02:31Z","timestamp":1774609351440,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Eukaryotic Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is becoming a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases, increasing the need for new antimicrobial agents. Although bacteria and fungi have been extensively explored in antimicrobial discovery, protozoa remain comparatively underexplored despite their biological diversity and metabolic capabilities. Recent studies have reported that several protozoan species, including\n                    <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Dictyostelium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Naegleria<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                    , are capable of exhibiting antimicrobial activity, particularly against multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi. These activities have been associated with a range of bioactive molecules, such as pore\u2010forming peptides, proteases, and secondary metabolites produced by protozoa. The reported antimicrobial effects involve multiple mechanisms, including disruption of membrane integrity, induction of oxidative stress, and inhibition of biofilm formation. Despite these observations, research on protozoa\u2010derived antimicrobial compounds remains limited due to challenges related to molecular characterization, large\u2010scale cultivation, and the availability of in\u00a0vivo data. This review summarizes current knowledge on bioactive molecules produced by protozoa, with emphasis on their ecological origins, mechanisms of action, and potential relevance to antimicrobial drug discovery. These findings suggest that protozoa\u2010derived bioactive compounds may contribute to the ongoing search for novel and natural antimicrobial agents and may represent a promising complementary resource in efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T10:04:02Z","timestamp":1770717842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protozoa: The Overlooked Frontiers of Natural Antimicrobial Compounds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eevval Maral \u00d6zcan","family":"Aykol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Biruni University Faculty of Pharmacy  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Biruni University Research Center (B@MER) Biruni University  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larasu Tuana","family":"Dav\u015fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Biruni University  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12173077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202203175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202400537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101888"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Protozoa","author":"Brundle J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060809"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: It Is a Global Crisis, \u201ca Slow Tsunami\u201d","volume":"75","author":"Capozzi C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Igiene e Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010025\u201006786\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24655"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081250"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Antibacterial Properties of Selected Freshwater Microalgae Against Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"57","author":"Das B. 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