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In this study, using scanning electron microscopy and 18S rDNA barcoding, we investigate the presence, diversity, and biogeographic patterns of ciliate epibionts associated with two deep\u2010sea caridean families: Alvinocarididae and Thoridae. We identified a widespread lineage of ciliates colonizing the gills of different alvinocaridid species, extending their previously known distribution in freshwater and coastal habitats to deep ocean down to 3388\u2009m. These ciliates form a distinct clade related to coastal Chonotrichia, but show clear genetic divergence from the previously described species. Geographic divergence of these ciliate populations was observed across the Pacific Ocean, with no evident structure related to their host species. These chonotrichian ciliates exhibited variation in occurrence across host species, individuals, and regions, indicating a facultative association with their hosts. In contrast, the thorid shrimps harbored rare and phylogenetically diverse ciliates. More rarely, we found ciliates related to known parasitic lineages hosted by both shrimp families, with signs of immune response (black gills) in some individuals colonized by these ciliates. Our results reveal previously overlooked protist\u2010crustacean associations in chemosynthetic ecosystems and highlight the ecological and biogeographic importance of this group in the deep ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:45:57Z","timestamp":1787031957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Widespread Association of Ciliates Colonizing Gills of Shrimps Inhabiting Vents and Seeps Across the Pacific Ocean"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2862-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lison","family":"Hey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Ifremer, BEEP  Plouzan\u00e9 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X\u2010STAR, Japan Agency for Marine\u2010Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)  Yokosuka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5911-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Science and Otto Poon Center for Climate Resilience and Sustainability The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Cowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Temple University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dewi","family":"Langlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Ifremer, BEEP  Plouzan\u00e9 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Methou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, Ifremer, BEEP  Plouzan\u00e9 France"},{"name":"Institut Syst\u00e9matique Evolution Biodiversit\u00e9 (ISYEB) Mus\u00e9um National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, EPHE, Universit\u00e9 Des Antilles  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1651\/10-3283.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u20105\u20101295\u20102008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01438\u201007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps14789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.0877"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2022.125920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315412001610"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10152-016-0463-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"A Brief History of Ciliate Studies (Late XVII the First Third of the XX Century)","volume":"3","author":"Fokin S. 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