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Similar to the heat shock response, increased immune defence\u2010related responses were also observed after warm temperature treatment and with a swimming challenge in two different populations (Chilko and Nechako), but with some important differences. Microarray analyses revealed that 347 genes were differentially expressed between the cold (12\u201313\u00b0 C) and warm (18\u201319\u00b0 C) treated fish, with stress response (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>:0006950) and response to fungus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>:0009620) elevated with warm treatment, while expression for genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>:0006119) and electron transport chain (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GO<\/jats:styled-content>:0022900) elevated for cold\u2010treated fish. Analysis of single genes with real\u2010time quantitative PCR revealed that temperature had the most significant effect on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression levels, with swimming and population having secondary influences. Warm temperature treatment for the Chilko population induced expression of heat shock protein (<jats:italic>hsp<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>90\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>hsp90\u03b2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>hsp30<\/jats:italic> as well as <jats:italic>interferon\u2010inducible protein<\/jats:italic>. The Nechako population, which is known to have a narrower thermal tolerance window than the Chilko population, showed even more pronounced stress responses to the warm treatment and there was significant interaction between population and temperature treatment for <jats:italic>hsp90\u03b2<\/jats:italic> expression. Moreover, significant interactions were noted between temperature treatment and swimming challenge for <jats:italic>hsp90\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>hsp30<\/jats:italic>, and while swimming challenge alone increased expression of these <jats:italic>hsp<\/jats:italic>s, the expression levels were significantly elevated in warm\u2010treated fish swum to exhaustion. In conclusion, it seems that adult <jats:italic>O. nerka<\/jats:italic> currently encounter conditions that induce several cellular defence mechanisms during their once\u2010in\u2010the\u2010lifetime migration. As river temperatures continue to increase, it remains to be seen whether or not these cellular defences provide sufficient protection for all <jats:italic>O. nerka<\/jats:italic> populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,31]],"date-time":"2014-03-31T13:25:45Z","timestamp":1396272345000},"page":"1439-1456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Facing warm temperatures during migration: cardiac <scp>mRNA<\/scp> responses of two adult <i>Oncorhynchus nerka<\/i> populations to warming and swimming challenges"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Anttila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Section of Animal Physiology University of Turku FI\u201020014 Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. 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