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The predicted protein sequence of Irf9 contains a DNA binding domain (DBD) that possess five tryptophans, an IRF association domain (IAD) and two nuclear localisation signals (NLS). Alignment of Irf9 of <jats:italic>C. carpio<\/jats:italic> with the corresponding Irf9 proteins of other species showed that the DBD is more highly conserved than the IAD. The putative Irf9 protein sequence of <jats:italic>C. carpio<\/jats:italic> shares higher identities with teleosts (53.8\u201382.3%) and lower identities with mammals (30.2\u201331.0%). Phylogenetic studies of the putative amino\u2010acid sequence of IRF9 based on the neighbour\u2010joining method showed that Irf9 of <jats:italic>C. carpio<\/jats:italic> has the closest relationship with the grass carp <jats:italic>Ctenopharyngodon idella<\/jats:italic>. Tissue distribution analysis showed that <jats:italic>irf9<\/jats:italic> transcripts were detectable in all examined tissues with the highest expression in the skin and the lowest expression in the head kidney. Poly I:C and <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic> stimulation up\u2010regulated <jats:italic>irf9<\/jats:italic> expression in the spleen, head kidney, foregut and hindgut at different time intervals. In addition, <jats:italic>irf9<\/jats:italic> was induced by Poly I:C and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. These results indicate that Irf9 participates in antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Transfection of <jats:italic>irf9<\/jats:italic> up\u2010regulated the expression of cytokines, including type I IFN, protein kinase R (PKR), i<jats:italic>nterferon<\/jats:italic>\u2010stimulated <jats:italic>gene<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>ISG)15<\/jats:italic> and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)\u03b1 in epithelioma papulosum cyprini <jats:italic>cells<\/jats:italic> (EPC) upon poly I:C and LPS stimulation. A dual\u2010luciferase reporter assay revealed that Irf9 has no effect on NF\u2010\u03baB activation. The present study on Irf9 provides new insights into the IFN system of <jats:italic>C. carpio<\/jats:italic> and a valuable experimental platform for future studies on the immune system of fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.14000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T22:15:11Z","timestamp":1557180911000},"page":"510-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Molecular characterization and functional analysis of interferon regulatory factor 9 (<i>irf9<\/i>) in common carp <scp><i>Cyprinus carpio<\/i><\/scp>: a pivotal molecule in the Ifn response against pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences Shandong Normal University  Jinan People's Republic of 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