{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:02:51Z","timestamp":1791338571199,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Blood sampling through the caudal vasculature is a widely used technique in fish biology for investigating organismal health and physiology. In live fishes, it can provide a quick, easy and relatively non\u2010invasive method for obtaining a blood sample (\n                    <jats:italic>cf<\/jats:italic>\n                    . cannulation and cardiac puncture). Here, a general set of recommendations are provided for optimizing the blood sampling protocol that reflects best practices in animal welfare and sample integrity. This includes selecting appropriate use of anaesthetics for blood sampling as well as restraint techniques for situations where sedation is not used. In addition, ideal sampling environments where the fish can freely ventilate and strategies for minimizing handling time are discussed. This study summarizes the techniques used for extracting blood from the caudal vasculature in live fishes, highlighting the phlebotomy itself, the timing of sampling events and acceptable blood sample volumes. This study further discuss considerations for selecting appropriate physiological metrics when sampling in the caudal region and the potential benefits that this technique provides with respect to long\u2010term biological assessments. Although general guidelines for blood sampling are provided here, it should be recognized that contextual considerations (\n                    <jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>\n                    , taxonomic diversity, legal matters, environmental constraints) may influence the approach to blood sampling. Overall, it can be concluded that when done properly, blood sampling live fishes through the caudal vasculature is quick, efficient and minimally invasive, thus promoting conditions where live release of focal animals is possible.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.14339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T15:57:16Z","timestamp":1585929436000},"page":"4-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Best practices for non\u2010lethal blood sampling of fish\n                    <i>via<\/i>\n                    the caudal vasculature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences Carleton University  Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham D.","family":"Raby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Science University of Windsor  Windsor Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5322-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy K.","family":"Teffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst  Amherst Massachusetts 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