{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:27:14Z","timestamp":1763202434254,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stable\u2010isotope analysis (SIA) provides a valuable tool to address complex questions pertaining to elasmobranch ecology. Liver, a metabolically active, high turnover tissue (~166\u2009days for 95% turnover), has the potential to reveal novel insights into recent feeding\/movement behaviours of this diverse group. To date, limited work has used this tissue, but ecological application of SIA in liver requires consideration of tissue preparation techniques given the potential for high concentrations of urea and lipid that could bias \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values (<jats:italic>i.e<\/jats:italic>., result in artificially lower \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values). Here we investigated the effectiveness of (a) deionized water washing (WW) for urea removal from liver tissue and (b) chloroform\u2010methanol for extraction of lipids from this lipid rich tissue. We then (a) established C:N thresholds for deriving ecologically relevant liver isotopic values given complications of removing all lipid and (b) undertook a preliminary comparison of \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values between tissue pairs (muscle and liver) to test if observed isotopic differences correlated with known movement behaviour. Tests were conducted on four large shark species: the dusky (DUS, <jats:italic>Carcharhinus obscurus<\/jats:italic>), sand tiger (RAG, <jats:italic>Carcharias taurus<\/jats:italic>), scalloped hammerhead (SCA, <jats:italic>Sphyrna lewini<\/jats:italic>) and white shark (GRE, <jats:italic>Carcharodon carcharias<\/jats:italic>). There was no significant difference in \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values between lipid\u2010extracted (LE) liver and lipid\u2010extracted\/water washed (WW) treatments, however, WW resulted in significant increases in %N, \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and %C. Following lipid extraction (repeated three times), some samples were still biased by lipids. Our species\u2010specific \u201cC:N thresholds\u201d provide a method to derive ecologically viable isotope data given the complexities of this lipid rich tissue (C:N thresholds of 4.0, 3.6, 4.7 and 3.9 for DUS, RAG, SCA and GRE liver<jats:sub>LEWW<\/jats:sub> tissue, respectively). The preliminary comparison of C:N threshold corrected liver and muscle \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values corresponded with movement\/habitat behaviours for each shark; minor differences in \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values were observed for known regional movements of DUS and RAG (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>Diffs<\/jats:sub> = 0.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.99\u2030 and 0.57\u2009\u00b1\u20090.38\u2030, respectively), while SCA and GRE showed greater differences (1.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.63\u2030 and 1.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.71\u2030, respectively) correlated to large\u2010scale movements between temperate\/tropical and pelagic\/coastal environments. These data provide an approach for the successful application of liver \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values to examine elasmobranch ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.14635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T09:11:28Z","timestamp":1606727488000},"page":"829-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Determining the appropriate pretreatment procedures and the utility of liver tissue for bulk stable isotope (<scp>\u03b4<sup>13<\/sup>C<\/scp> and <scp>\u03b4<sup>15<\/sup>N<\/scp>) studies in sharks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. Blue","family":"Pahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor  Windsor Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Yurkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada Freshwater Institute  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine P.","family":"Wintner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu\u2010Natal Sharks Board Maritime Centre of Excellence  Umhlanga Rocks Umhlanga South Africa"},{"name":"Biomedical Resource Unit University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"},{"name":"College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geremy","family":"Cliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu\u2010Natal Sharks Board Maritime Centre of Excellence  Umhlanga Rocks Umhlanga South Africa"},{"name":"Biomedical Resource Unit University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"},{"name":"College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Dicken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu\u2010Natal Sharks Board Maritime Centre of Excellence  Umhlanga Rocks Umhlanga South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Development Studies, School of Economics, Development and Tourism Nelson Mandela University  Port Elizabeth South Africa"},{"name":"College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel E.","family":"Hussey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor  Windsor Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(97)00272-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. 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