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Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the serum melatonin profile with the mRNA level was also performed. The results indicated diurnal variations in the transcripts of <jats:italic>tph1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>aanat<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>hiomt<\/jats:italic> in the pineal organ and retina, and these variations change with the change in lighting regime. The serum melatonin profile showed rhythmicity in the natural photoperiod, but the serum melatonin level increased proportionally with increasing daylength. In short photoperiods, the peak value (though lower than in long photoperiods) of melatonin maintains a longer duration in serum. Moreover, the comparative analysis revealed a similar profile of mRNA of pineal <jats:italic>aanat1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aanat2<\/jats:italic> with serum melatonin under the same lighting conditions. This indicates that serum melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. Our results specify the importance of day length and the timing of onset or offset of the dark for maintaining the oscillating levels of serum melatonin and mRNA levels of melatonin biosynthesizing enzyme genes in the pineal organ and retina as well. The findings in this study highlight the distinctive pattern of mRNA levels in the pineal organ and retina under different photoperiods. The pineal melatonin biosynthesizing enzyme genes showed a similar pattern with serum melatonin levels while the retinal genes changed dramatically with photoperiod. We also revealed a light\u2010dependent transcriptional regulation of pineal <jats:italic>aanat<\/jats:italic> genes in <jats:italic>C. catla<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, our results suggest that ALAN and skyglow can influence the levels of serum melatonin and its biosynthesis, resulting in desynchronization of the entire biological clock as well as the overall physiology of the animal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T12:05:44Z","timestamp":1665144344000},"page":"1569-1581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of photoperiod variations on the <scp>mRNA<\/scp> expression pattern of melatonin bio\u2010synthesizing enzyme genes in the pineal organ and retina: A study in relation to the serum melatonin profile in the tropical carp <i>Catla catla<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haobijam","family":"Sanjita Devi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Government of India Central Agricultural University  Imphal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2169-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongtham","family":"Rajiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of India Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development  Imphal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopinath","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of India Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development  Imphal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of India Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development  Imphal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijagurumayum Dharmajyoti","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of India Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development  Imphal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupjyoti","family":"Bharali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Gauhati University  Guwahati India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-7459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asamanja","family":"Chattoraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Department of Animal Science Kazi Nazrul University  Asansol India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Photo period and ovarian physiology a chronobiological approach in zebra fish Danio rerio","author":"Ahmed K. 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