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Both bidirectional sex change and simultaneous hermaphroditism are predicted to evolve when mating opportunities are limited, such as in cases of low\u2010density distribution and low mobility of individuals. However, the plasticity of sex is adaptive in obtaining mating opportunities, especially when there is mate loss. Pair\u2010rearing experiments and histological observations of gonads of the goby <jats:italic>Lubricogobius exiguus<\/jats:italic>, which has low\u2010density distributions and low mobility, showed bidirectional sex change. The male\u2010role individuals in pairs had gonads in which only the testis was functional (male\u2010phase), whereas the female\u2010role individuals had two types of gonads: only the ovary was functional (female\u2010phase) or both testis and ovary were functional (simultaneously hermaphroditic phase, SH\u2010phase). In addition, single\u2010rearing experiments showed SH\u2010phase gonads in all individuals, and some cyclic spawning but no self\u2010fertilization occurred. These results revealed that <jats:italic>L. exiguus<\/jats:italic> has an unusual sexual pattern among hermaphroditic fishes because they undergo bidirectional sex change and some maintain SH\u2010phase gonads. These findings indicate that the low\u2010density distribution and low mobility of <jats:italic>L. exiguus<\/jats:italic> in their natural habitat may have influenced the evolution of this unique sexual pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T11:51:35Z","timestamp":1677671495000},"page":"1079-1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bidirectional sex change and plasticity of gonadal phases in the goby <i>Lubricogobius exiguus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Oyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fish Behavioral Ecology, Tateyama Station, Field Science Center Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology  Tateyama Chiba Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biology 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