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The olfactory system consists of a digitated anterior peduncle, of unknown function, containing the inhalant nostril. This then leads to a U\u2010shaped olfactory chamber with the olfactory epithelium\u2014identified by G<jats:sub>\u03b1olf<\/jats:sub>\u2010immunoreactivity\u2014on the ventral surface. A large lacrimal sac is connected to this tube and is likely involved in generating water movement through the olfactory chamber (this species is largely sedentary). The exhalent nostril lies by the eye and is preceded by a bicuspid valve to ensure one\u2010way flow of water. As do other teleosts, <jats:italic>H. didactylus<\/jats:italic> had olfactory sensitivity to amino acids and bile acids. Large\u2010amplitude EOG responses were evoked by fluid from the anterior and posterior testicular accessory glands, and bile and intestinal fluids. Anterior gland and intestinal fluids from reproductive males were significantly more potent than those from non\u2010reproductive males. Male urine and skin mucus proved to be the least potent body fluids tested. These results suggest that chemical communication\u2014as well as acoustic communication\u2014may be important in the reproduction of this species and that this may be mediated by the accessory glands and intestinal fluid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T05:40:10Z","timestamp":1713418810000},"page":"59-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anatomy of the olfactory system and potential role for chemical communication in the sound\u2010producing <scp>Lusitanian<\/scp> toadfish, <i>Halobatrachus didactylus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-4906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Modesto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Neves Greg\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Marcelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Marquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z\u00e9lia","family":"Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas Universidade do Algarve  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315408001677"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2004.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4226-3.00010-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(03)00004-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bju039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11250008009438692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531541100169X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Histophysiological studies on the olfactory epithelium of banded pearl spot Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790)","volume":"2","author":"Ghosh S. 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