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Histological results indicated that <jats:italic>E. fasciatus<\/jats:italic> was protogynous with female <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> at 13.4\u2009cm total length (L<jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>) and a size at sexual transition of 22.0\u2009cm L<jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>. The weight\u2013length relationship for the species was <jats:italic>W<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011\u2009<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>3.13<\/jats:sup>. Overall sex ratios were significantly female biased, operational sex ratios were significantly male biased, and sex ratios of mature individuals varied predictably with length from female to male dominance as size increased. No significant relationship between length and batch fecundity was found. The population has a spawning period from February to August. Overall, 54.4% of macroscopic evaluations were incorrect compared to histological results. Of the errors, 14.8% were a failure to detect ovotestes, 12.7% were classifying non\u2010gonadal tissue as ovary or testis, 12.2% were misclassifying sex, and 12.7% were misclassifying maturity status. However, the largest source of error (47.7%) was from misclassifying both sex and maturity status. Of these, 92.9% were macroscopically classified as immature females, but were histologically confirmed to be mature males. Compared to histological results, the only accurate macroscopic results were the absence of a sex\u2010based difference in weight\u2013length relationship and spawning seasonality estimated by a gonadosomatic index (February\u2013June). The use of macroscopic methods to estimate reproductive life\u2010history parameters for sex\u2010changing reefes fish may introduce significant inaccuracies and misinterpretations. Of the parameters estimated by histological methods, size at maturity, size\u2010specific sex ratios, and spawning seasonality have the greatest potential to inform local fishery management policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T03:23:58Z","timestamp":1722482638000},"page":"1256-1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Errors in estimating reproductive parameters with macroscopic methods: a case study on the protogynous blacktip grouper <i>Epinephelus fasciatus<\/i> (Forssk\u00e5l 1775)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1757-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Longenecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawai\u2018i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawaii at M\u0101noa  K\u0101ne'ohe Hawai'i USA"},{"name":"Bishop Museum  Honolulu Hawai'i USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Langston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windward Community College  K\u0101ne'ohe Hawai'i USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliaeta","family":"Mamesah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattimura University  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliana","family":"Natan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattimura University  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Pattinasarany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattimura University  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul W.","family":"Radjab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Deep Sea National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Romdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Deep Sea National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fismatman","family":"Ruli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Deep Sea National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prandito","family":"Simanjuntak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattimura University  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Febby L.","family":"Sinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattimura University  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino V.","family":"Limmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattimura University  Ambon Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik C.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawai\u2018i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawaii at M\u0101noa  K\u0101ne'ohe Hawai'i USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Catch composition, abundance and length\u2010weight relationships of groupers (Pisces: Serranidae) from inshore waters of Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Agembe S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"The importance of incorporating protogynous sex change into stock assessments","volume":"83","author":"Alonzo S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bulletin of Marine Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1999.0545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"463","article-title":"Reproduction in the protogynous black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci [Poey]) from the southern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"101","author":"Brul\u00e9 T.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fishery Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2010.02569.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"Reproductive patterns, sex ratio, and fecundity in gag, Mycteroperca microlepis (Serranidae), a protogynouns grouper from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"96","author":"Collins L. 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