{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:51:06Z","timestamp":1792446666793,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the growth and calcification of the appendicular skeleton in <jats:italic>Raja asterias<\/jats:italic> (Delaroche, 1809), a member of the Batoidea, to explore the relationship between histomorphology and the mechanics of batoid locomotion within the water column. Although much prior research has focused on the \u201ctessellated pattern\u201d in these fishes, the variable structure of the appendicular skeleton provides fresh insights into the understudied interplay between skeletal histomorphology and the mechanical functions of Batoidea fins. The shape and initial growth of fin cartilage are influenced by the orientation of chondrocyte mitoses prior to mineral deposition, with subsequent calcification playing a pivotal role in shaping skeletal architecture. This study documents two distinct growth patterns: \u201ccrustal\u201d and \u201ccatenated.\u201d The crustal pattern is predominantly observed in larger skeletal elements, such as the central body structures (skull, rostrum, and jaws), girdles, pterygia, and compound radials, whereas fin radials follow the catenated growth pattern. Notably, early\u2010stage chondrichthyan cartilage shares similarities with mammalian metaphyseal growth plate cartilage, though in chondrichthyans, the calcified matrix is not resorbed or replaced by bone. Additionally, a previously unrecognized calcification pattern is identified in the pelvic\u2010fin radials of <jats:italic>R. asterias<\/jats:italic>, indicating that the mechanical demands of locomotion in the water column may have driven the evolution of variable fin flexibility in Batoidea. This flexibility is achieved through joint mobility (diarthroses and amphiarthroses), specialized fin structures, and the distinct calcification patterns of the pectoral and pelvic fins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.16037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T22:29:44Z","timestamp":1735856984000},"page":"23-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Growth and mechanical correlations of calcified cartilage in <scp>Batoidea<\/scp>: A histomorphological study using the <i>Raja asterias<\/i> model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3344-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo E.","family":"Pazzaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation University of Insubria  Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3738-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Reguzzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation University of Insubria  Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7532-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genciana","family":"Terova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences University of Insubria  Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1428-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Serena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology National Research Council (CNR\u2010IRBIN)  Mazara del Vallo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Mancusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Resources Environmental Protection Agency of Tuscany Region (ARPAT)  Livorno Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0161-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Zarattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero A.","family":"Zecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation University of Insubria  Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2960\/J.v35.m526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.068981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.08.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Shark, skates and rays","author":"Compagno L. 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