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However, there is limited knowledge regarding parental contributions, early\u2010life environmental impacts on its meristic variation and if reduced heterozygosity challenges its development. To address this, the present study used isogenic homozygous and heterozygous lines of Atlantic salmon (<jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>) combined with ploidy manipulation (triploidization) to manipulate parental contributions, and incubation temperature (4 vs. 8\u00b0C) as an early\u2010life variable, and reared the fish to ~150\u2009g for a detailed radiological examination. Genetically identical fish incubated at 4\u00b0C, but not 8\u00b0C, segregated into two size modes (upper\/lower), which differed in dorsal and tail fin lepidotrich counts as well as anal\u2010fin pterygiophore counts. Incubation temperature did not impact on vertebrae counts, whereas 8\u00b0C incubation produced more supraneurals than 4\u00b0C incubation. After 8\u00b0C incubation, homozygous diploids (100% maternal chromosomes) and heterozygous triploids (67% maternal chromosomes) developed lower total vertebrae and dorsal\u2010 and anal\u2010fin pterygiophore counts than heterozygous diploids (50% maternal chromosomes). For tail fin lepidotrichs, the same groups showed the following pattern: diploid heterozygous &gt; triploid heterozygous &gt; diploid homozygous. Homozygous diploids developed a high level of complete fusions in the vertebral column. The result of the present study indicates that the ability to enter different growth modes is dependent on embryo incubation temperature and may be controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. Further, the results show a strong maternal dosage effect on tail fin lepidotrich counts, whereas for other post\u2010cranial skeletal parts, the presence of extra maternal chromosomes seems to overrule the paternal contribution. The findings may reflect evolutionary adaptations for the shaping of offspring phenotypes. Such mechanisms would impact on important fitness\u2010related traits, such as swimming ability and fecundity, which are relevant for conservation and evolutionary biology and ecological and aquaculture sciences. Vertebral deformities developing in homozygous fish seem to be supported by active repair mechanisms, which may reflect an organism's ability to reduce the cost of inbreeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T04:05:47Z","timestamp":1744171547000},"page":"441-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of heterozygosity, ploidy and incubation temperature on post\u2010cranial axial skeletal meristics and deformities in Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3844-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murugesan","family":"Sankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matre Aquaculture Research station  Matredal Norway"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"ICAR\u2010Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)  Kochi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W. 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