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The species is limited to a single, small (283\u2009km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), high\u2010altitude (4520\u2009m) catchment located in the Altiplano of northern Chile. Until the late 20th century, <jats:italic>O. chungarensis<\/jats:italic> was the only fish species inhabiting both Lake Chungar\u00e1 and its main afferent river, the River Chungar\u00e1. The introduction of rainbow trout [<jats:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/jats:italic> (Walbaum, 1792)] at this time raised concerns for the long\u2010term conservation of <jats:italic>Orestias<\/jats:italic>. By 2017, <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>chungarensis<\/jats:italic> were no longer present in the River Chungar\u00e1 but remain relatively numerous in Lake Chungar\u00e1. Although <jats:italic>O. chungarensis<\/jats:italic> are of elevated conservation concern, little is known regarding their ecology, and the few studies conducted have relied on individuals captured from shallow littoral habitats. Here, we captured <jats:italic>O. chungarensis<\/jats:italic> from different lake habitats and analysed multi\u2010tissue stable isotopes (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C, \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N, \u03b4<jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>S) and stomach contents to characterise their trophic ecology. We also used geometric morphometrics to analyse any putative habitat\u2010associated variation in body shape. <jats:italic>O. chungarensis<\/jats:italic> showed very wide variation in their stable isotope values (range: \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2009=\u2009\u221215.1 to \u22128.0\u2030; \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N\u2009=\u20098.9\u201314.1\u2030; \u03b4<jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>S\u2009=\u2009\u221210.5\u20131.7\u2030). A <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2010means cluster analysis indicated that individuals could be best classified into two groups in stable isotope space. A discriminant function analysis supported the separation of the sampled population into two groups (jack\u2010knifed classification success\u2009=\u200998%). Individuals belonging to either a putative littoral group (<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010enriched, <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N\u2010depleted and <jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>S\u2010depleted) or a group associated with pelagic\u2010derived materials (<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010depleted, <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N\u2010enriched, <jats:sup>34<\/jats:sup>S\u2010enriched), which likely fed offshore or in deeper waters. Stomach contents results showed that <jats:italic>O. chungarensis<\/jats:italic> from the two putative groups had consumed similar prey prior to capture, feeding mainly on benthic macroinvertebrates (amphipods, chironomid larvae and pupae and gastropods). Mixing models analysis showed a broadly similar diet between groups, but the scale of contribution to the assimilated diet differed between groups. Comparisons of stable isotope niche size and overlap showed limited niche overlap, providing more evidence for differential foraging patterns. The dichotomy between the results from stable isotope and stomach content analysis suggests that <jats:italic>O. chungarensis<\/jats:italic> individuals forage on taxonomically similar diets, but their prey are fuelled from materials derived from different lake habitats (littoral and open\u2010water). Given the remarkable plasticity found in the genus, our results could reflect the existence of a previously unrecognised ecotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T23:04:37Z","timestamp":1747868677000},"page":"837-850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unexpected trophic diversity in the endemic fish <i>Orestias chungarensis<\/i> in a high\u2010altitude freshwater ecosystem, <scp>Lake Chungar\u00e1<\/scp> (4520\u2009m), northern <scp>Chile<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Karina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Aplicadas menci\u00f3n Sistemas Acu\u00e1ticos Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad de Antofagasta  Antofagasta Chile"},{"name":"Fish and Stable Isotope Ecology Laboratory Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta  Antofagasta Chile"},{"name":"Millenium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids (INVASAL)  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gomez\u2010Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millenium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids (INVASAL)  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"},{"name":"Genomics in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Laboratory, Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanogr\u00e1ficas, Casilla 160\u2010C, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5353-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Harrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish and Stable Isotope Ecology Laboratory Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad de Antofagasta  Antofagasta Chile"},{"name":"Millenium Nucleus of Austral Invasive Salmonids (INVASAL)  Concepci\u00f3n Chile"},{"name":"Universidad de Antofagasta Stable Isotope Facility (UASIF), Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta  Antofagasta Chile"},{"name":"Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, School of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11250000409356545"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00765123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-007-0687-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Taxonomic identity of the forms of Orestias agassii (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) from Chile: A morphological comparison with the syntypes of the species of Peru and Bolivia","volume":"78","author":"Cruz\u2010Jofr\u00e9 F.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gayana"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2406-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.327543"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Macroinvertebrados bent\u00f3nicos sudamericanos: sistem\u00e1tica y biolog\u00eda","author":"Dom\u00ednguez E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-078X2003000100002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"449","volume-title":"Statistical shape analysis","author":"Dryden I. 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