{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T03:40:10Z","timestamp":1758858010248,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014423","name":"Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMEERF20221003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20221003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K06823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K06823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies indicate that the sexual patterns of some species can vary with local population size and density, suggesting that protogynous species may shift to gonochorism in larger populations. Red\u2010belted anthias <jats:italic>Pseudanthias rubrizonatus<\/jats:italic>, a protogynous hermaphrodite, forms diverse\u2010sized groups in Kagoshima Bay, Japan (31.58\u00b0N, 130.66\u00b0E), from typical polygynous medium\u2010sized groups with a few males and several females, to an unusually large group exceeding 10,000 individuals. This study aimed to determine the sexual pattern of <jats:italic>P. rubrizonatus<\/jats:italic> in different\u2010sized groups. The research was conducted from July 2019 to June 2022. This study revealed the process from sexual differentiation to maturation, and discovered primary males through gonadal histology and otolith growth analysis. All juvenile gonads developed an ovarian lumen before sexual differentiation. Most differentiated to mature females (38.0\u201377.0\u2009mm standard length [SL], 0\u20133\u2009years, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009197), then changed sex (52.0\u201379.3\u2009mm SL, 2\u20133\u2009years, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914) to secondary males. Sex change occurred year\u2010round. All mature males (50.2\u201395.1\u2009mm SL, 1\u20135\u2009years, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200983) exhibited distinct dimorphic and dichromatic features. Some juveniles underwent bisexuality around 100\u2009days post\u2010hatching; spermatocytes were found with primary\u2010growth stage oocytes (25.5\u201346.9\u2009mm SL, \u22641\u2009year, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924). Primary males (50.2\u201365.5\u2009mm SL, 1\u2009year, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099) were collected only in the large group. These findings indicate intraspecific variation in sexual pattern depending on the group sizes, with diandric protogyny in the large group and monandric protogyny in medium groups. Diandric protogyny is unprecedented in Anthiinae. Although primary males emerge as group size increases, protogyny remains consistently maintained in <jats:italic>P. rubrizonatus<\/jats:italic> in Kagoshima Bay, with no evidence of gonochorism observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T02:16:49Z","timestamp":1748398609000},"page":"886-901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intraspecific variation in the sexual pattern of red\u2010belted anthias, <scp><i>Pseudanthias rubrizonatus<\/i><\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4784-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma Hinako","family":"Moritoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Kagoshima University  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Kagoshima University  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Matsuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinich","family":"Dewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diving Service Umi\u2010annai  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Kume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Ecology of the mottled grouper (Mycteroperca rubra) in the eastern Mediterranean","volume":"2","author":"Aronov A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Ichthyology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2014.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/columbia\/9780231153867.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(89)80119-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19425120.2011.555724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00127.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08827"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2005.11928075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02678698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10228-006-0345-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/603611"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/ict077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-007-9246-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF01189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(80)80070-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66069-6_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2011.03201.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2015.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(80)80065-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0032945219030068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Reproductive behavior, eggs, larvae, and sexuality in the anthiine fish, Pseudoanthias pleurotaenia (Serranidae; 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