{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:08:15Z","timestamp":1761005295212,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022025","name":"South Valley University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004933","name":"Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004933","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007904","name":"Texas A and M University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007904","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009169","name":"Assiut University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000837","name":"University of Nottingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A natural parasitic infection with the external ciliate protozoan, <jats:italic>Chilodonella hexasticha<\/jats:italic>, was recorded 3\u2009days post\u2010transportation (PT) in the gills and skin of African catfish (<jats:italic>Clarias gariepinus<\/jats:italic>). Infected fish displayed behavioural changes and typical signs of infection. Mortalities started on day 7 PT and stopped on day 13 PT, where cumulative mortality reached 62.2%. The expression of immune\u2010relevant genes, interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>IL\u20101\u03b2<\/jats:italic>), major histocompatibility complex class II (<jats:italic>MHC\u2010II<\/jats:italic>) and interleukin\u201010 (<jats:italic>IL\u201010<\/jats:italic>) in the gills, head kidneys and spleen of the <jats:italic>Chilodonella<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected and control uninfected fish were investigated using quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on days 7\u2010, 14\u2010 and 28 PT. Expression levels of <jats:italic>IL\u20101\u03b2<\/jats:italic> in the gills showed a significant upregulation on day 7 PT but were not significantly different from those of the control fish in the head kidneys and spleen at all time points investigated. Expression levels of <jats:italic>MHC\u2010II<\/jats:italic> were significantly elevated in the gills (days 7\u2010 and 14 PT), head kidneys (days 7\u2010, 14\u2010 and 28 PT) and spleen (days 7\u2010 and 14 PT), whereas <jats:italic>IL\u201010<\/jats:italic> showed a significant upregulation only in the gills on day 14 PT, with no significant changes in all other tissues examined. Additionally, histological studies were conducted to investigate the alterations in the head kidney and spleen tissue structures associated with the immune response to infection and the changes in the expression profiles of the immune\u2010related genes in these organs. Depletion of the renal and splenic tissues, simultaneously with prominent melanomacrophage infiltration, was observed. Also, the histopathologic changes caused by <jats:italic>C. hexasticha<\/jats:italic> in the gills of infected fish involved aggravated tissue damage characterized by hyperplasia, and necrosis of the gill lamellae was recorded.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T06:29:37Z","timestamp":1751264977000},"page":"1323-1334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insights into mucosal and systemic immune responses of <scp>African<\/scp> catfish, <i>Clarias gariepinus<\/i>, to <scp>chilodonellosis<\/scp>: A natural infection study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walaa F. 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