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Aiming to explore the inter\u2010populational karyotypic variation and proposed emergence of the XX\/XY system, we studied 13\n                    <jats:italic>H. soniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    individuals (6 males, 7 females) from the Tapaj\u00f3s River. Mitotic karyotypes and meiotic cells were analysed using C\u2010banding, site verification Ag\u2010NOR (nucleolar organizing region), chromomycin A\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (CMA3) and fluorescent in situ hybridization with repetitive DNA probes (DNAr 18s, 5S, histone H1, H3, telomere). The synaptonemal complex on meiocytes was studied using immunodetection with anti\u2010structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3, anti\u2010\u03b3H2AX and anti\u2010H3K9ac. The karyotype presented was 2\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200964, with clear size heteromorphism varying between male and female. The species presented multiple NORs colocalized with 18S and CMA3\u2010positive marks in two pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The centromeric region of pairs 25 and 26 carries the repeats of histones H1 and H3. All the bivalents at pachytene exhibited tip\u2010to\u2010tip pairing, revealing the absence of an XY pair with partial synapsis. The synaptic behaviour of the putative sexual pair failed to corroborate the XX\/XY system hypothesis in\n                    <jats:italic>H. soniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Further cytogenetic and molecular investigations are necessary to determine the proposed emergence of an XX\/XY sexual system in\n                    <jats:italic>H. soniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the regulatory mechanisms underlying its atypical meiotic behaviour.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T08:16:28Z","timestamp":1757751388000},"page":"92-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["New insights into the putative\n                    <scp>XX<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>XY<\/scp>\n                    sex chromosomal system in blue\u2010eyed red\u2010fin pleco\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Hypostomus soniae<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luan A\u00e9rcio Melo","family":"Maciel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Society, Nature and Development Federal University of Western Par\u00e1  Santar\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Coelho","family":"Rodrigues Noronha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Cell Biology Center for Advanced Studies in Biodiversity, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Rafael Ribeiro","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Par\u00e1, Campus XVIII  Camet\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoella Gemaque","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Cell Biology Center for Advanced Studies in Biodiversity, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleusa Yoshiko","family":"Nagamachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cytogenetics Center for Advanced Studies in Biodiversity, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio Cesar","family":"Pieczarka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cytogenetics Center for Advanced Studies in Biodiversity, Federal University of Par\u00e1  Bel\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Reginaldo R.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Society, Nature and Development Federal University of Western Par\u00e1  Santar\u00e9m Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Biodiversity Institute of Educational Sciences, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1  Santar\u00e9m Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chromosomal organization of multigene families and meiotic analysis in species of Loricariidae (Siluriformes) from Brazilian Amazon, with description of a new cytotype for genus Spatuloricaria","volume":"15","author":"Almeida B. 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