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This study aims to systematically compare the hydrodynamic properties between MSWF\u20105 and other technical fishways and further reveals the effect of hydrodynamic properties on fish\u2010passage efficiency and fish\u2010swimming behaviours in MSWF\u20105 by using grass carp (\n                    <jats:italic>Ctenopharyngodon idella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The hydrodynamic properties are obtained using three\u2010dimensional numerical simulations, and fish\u2010swimming behaviours are acquired using fish\u2010passage experiments in laboratory physical model. It is found that the passage success rate of grass carp in MSWF\u20105 is highly correlated with the spatial\u2010averaged time\u2010averaged velocity magnitude along the slot section (\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010mean\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.892,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Besides, although similar maximum water velocity for slot and weir in MSWF\u20105, the vast majority of fish in the trials swam through the slot (92.7%\u2009\u2013\u200999.7%, a water depth of 17.6\u2009\u2013\u200932.6\u2009cm) compared to the weir opening (0.3%\u2009\u2013\u20097.3%, a water depth of 2.6\u2009\u2013\u200917.6\u2009cm). Moreover, both the time\u2010averaged velocity magnitude (\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the time\u2010averaged Reynolds\u2010shear\u2010stress\n                    <jats:italic>X\u2013Y<\/jats:italic>\n                    component magnitude (|\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>xy<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    |) are significantly negatively correlated with the occurrence frequency of fish (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.954 to \u22120.473,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Concretely,\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    is more correlated with the occurrence frequency of fish in the MSWF\u20105 slot\u2010passage channel [the velocity uniformity coefficient (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2)<\/jats:italic>\n                    =53%\u2009\u2013\u200964%,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.879 to \u22120.669], but |\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>xy<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    | is more correlated with the occurrence frequency of fish in the MSWF\u20105 weir\u2010passage channel (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200970%\u2009\u2013\u200973%,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.954 to \u22120.878). This study offers new knowledge on fish\u2010swimming responses to complex turbulent flows, contributes to developing efficient multi\u2010species fishways and provides reference for fishway\u2010design practices and formulation of regulations\/guidelines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T07:37:33Z","timestamp":1763969853000},"page":"1122-1137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The crucial hydrodynamic factors affecting fish\u2010passage efficiency and fish\u2010swimming behaviours in a multi\u2010slot and pool\u2010weir combined fishway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6442-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Infrastructure Engineering Dalian University of Technology  Dalian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Infrastructure Engineering Dalian University of Technology  Dalian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation Tianjin University  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Infrastructure Engineering Dalian University of Technology  Dalian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.13680"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-7836(02)00160-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2400.2011.00835.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/johh-2014-0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/T09-040.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-013-1532-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f65-128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1565"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18307\/2022.0600"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/kmae\/2016032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7836(96)00514-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2016-0089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"CEN EN 17233:2021. 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