{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:16:45Z","timestamp":1787883405154,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    NOD\u2010like receptors (NLRs) serve as crucial innate immune sensors in multicellular organisms, recognizing diverse pathogen\u2010associated components and regulating immune responses such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB) signalling and inflammatory pathways. To elucidate the roles of\n                    <jats:italic>NLRC3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NLRC5<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>NLRX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the innate immunity of the\n                    <jats:italic>Mastacembelus armatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this study first characterized these genes and examined their response to\n                    <jats:italic>Aeromonas veronii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. We identified the three NLR genes from the\n                    <jats:italic>M. armatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcriptome and analysed their evolutionary relationships through domain architecture and maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstruction. All three NLR proteins contained conserved NACHT and leucine\u2010rich repeat (LRR) domains, and ML phylogenetic analysis grouped\n                    <jats:italic>M. armatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    with other Synbranchiformes and Perciformes, consistent with established taxonomy. Tissue expression profiling in healthy fish revealed constitutive expression of all three genes across nine examined tissues, with significantly higher levels in gills, suggesting their involvement in frontline mucosal immunity. Temporal expression analysis in spleen, liver and kidney following\n                    <jats:italic>A. veronii<\/jats:italic>\n                    challenge showed distinct organ\u2010specific patterns: although all three genes were downregulated in the liver, they were significantly upregulated in spleen and kidney, indicating these as primary sites for NLR\u2010mediated immune responses in\n                    <jats:italic>M. armatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Selection pressure analysis using CodeML identified widespread purifying selection across teleost NLRs, alongside multiple positively selected sites in\n                    <jats:italic>NLRC5<\/jats:italic>\n                    (7 sites in site model, 5 in branch\u2010site model) and\n                    <jats:italic>NLRX1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2 sites in site model, 22 in branch\u2010site model). These findings provide fundamental insights into NLR\u2010mediated immunity in\n                    <jats:italic>M. armatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and contribute to understanding the evolution and function of NLR genes in teleosts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:21:41Z","timestamp":1776396101000},"page":"715-728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization, expression and evolution analysis of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>NLRC3<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ,\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>NLRC5<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>NLRX1<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Mastacembelus armatus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    under\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Aeromonas veronii<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9968-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengyue","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou 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