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However, excessive carbohydrate intake can induce hepatic metabolic disorders and lead to metabolic diseases in fish. The GIP\/GIPR axis plays a vital role in regulating lipid metabolism and glucose uptake. To evaluate the functions of GIP and GIPR in largemouth bass, we cloned their cDNA sequences. We analysed the tissue\u2010specific expression of both genes and assessed the role of GIP in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism using hepatocyte studies and GIP interference assays. The largemouth bass\n                    <jats:italic>gip<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (318\u2009bp) encodes a protein of 105 amino acids, whereas the\n                    <jats:italic>gipr<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (1614\u2009bp) encodes a protein of 537 amino acids. Tissue distribution analysis revealed high expression of\n                    <jats:italic>gip<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA in the stomach. Additionally,\n                    <jats:italic>gipr<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA was highly expressed in the brain, foregut, midgut and hindgut. Both high\u2010carbohydrate and high\u2010fat intake in largemouth bass resulted in higher\n                    <jats:italic>gip<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA in the stomach and lower\n                    <jats:italic>gipr<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA expression in the foregut. Primary hepatocyte experiments showed that GIP treatment increased the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>g6pase<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>acc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>fas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and decreased the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>gk<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pfk<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>hsl<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>lpl<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Intraperitoneal injection of GIP small interfering RNA (siRNA) demonstrated that inhibiting GIP expression significantly reduced serum glucose and triglyceride levels. It also decreased the hepatic expression of\n                    <jats:italic>g6pase<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fbp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>pygl<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>acc1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>lpl<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while increasing the expression of\n                    <jats:italic>gys2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>hsl<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These results suggest that GIP and GIPR regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in largemouth bass.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T08:38:47Z","timestamp":1784363927000},"page":"2023-2038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular identification and functional characterization of glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic peptide (\n                    <scp>GIP<\/scp>\n                    ) and its receptor (\n                    <scp>GIPR<\/scp>\n                    ) in\n                    <i>Micropterus salmoides<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xindang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xulu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation Henan Normal University  Xinxiang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8172-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A. 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