{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:41:17Z","timestamp":1792212077347,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key components of the innate immune system in fish, providing rapid protection against microbial pathogens. Among these, the liver\u2010expressed antimicrobial peptides (LEAPs), comprising LEAP\u20101 (hepcidin; HAMP) and LEAP\u20102, play central roles in host defence and iron regulation. In this study, we present an integrated characterisation of the genomic organisation, tissue expression and dietary responsiveness of HAMP and LEAP2 paralogues in Chinook salmon (\n                    <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and assess their modulation by a phytobiotic functional feed under commercial farming conditions. Genome mining identified three functional HAMP and three LEAP2 paralogues in Chinook salmon, all retaining conserved features typical of their respective peptide families and arising from salmonid\u2010specific genome duplication events. Constitutive expression analysis revealed liver\u2010dominant expression of HAMP, whereas LEAP2 paralogues exhibited distinct tissue\u2010specific profiles, with LEAP2.1 and LEAP2.2 expressed predominantly in the liver and skin, and LEAP2.3 largely restricted to gills and skin. A six\u2010month feeding trial using a functional diet supplemented with the phytobiotic NatControl\u2122 resulted in marked tissue\u2010 and paralogue\u2010specific upregulation of AMP gene expression. HAMP expression was upregulated across multiple immune\u2010relevant tissues, including head kidney, skin, spleen, liver and gills. LEAP2 paralogues also showed clear dietary responsiveness, with LEAP2.1 and LEAP2.2 upregulated in the liver and kidney, and LEAP2.3 showing strong upregulation in gills. Despite these molecular responses, no significant differences in growth or survival were observed between diet groups. Together, these findings provide the first integrated characterisation of HAMP and LEAP2 systems in Chinook salmon, demonstrate their sensitivity to dietary immunomodulation and support their use as molecular biomarkers of functional immune priming. The results further indicate that NatControl\u2122 acts as an effective immunostimulant, enhancing innate immune readiness without compromising growth performance under non\u2010challenging conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:02:02Z","timestamp":1784084522000},"page":"1978-1990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary modulation of antimicrobial peptides (\n                    <scp>HAMP<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>LEAP2<\/scp>\n                    ) in Chinook salmon (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>O<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    <i>ncorhynchus tshawytscha<\/i>\n                    ) fed a phytobiotic functional diet: Integrated genomic characterisation and tissue\u2010specific expression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Marcoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Symonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute  Nelson New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seumas P.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute  Nelson New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OptoScale  Puerto Montt Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Preece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The New Zealand King Salmon Company  Nelson New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Battershill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science University of Waikato  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science University of Waikato  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.1998.3320139.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"701","article-title":"Expression of hepcidin and other iron\u2010regulated genes in rainbow trout in response to bacterial infection and iron overload","volume":"34","author":"\u00c1lvarez M. 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