{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T23:27:52Z","timestamp":1786404472172,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Migration through standing waterbodies can be challenging for Atlantic salmon smolts and has often been associated with delay, disorientation and elevated mortality rates. Despite the large number of watersheds featuring stillwaters, data on smolt migration through lakes are relatively limited, particularly in relation to large natural lakes. The current study investigated movements of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>\n                    smolts on seven tributaries across three large lakes in the north of Ireland. Migration success through lakes was highly variable across the study systems, ranging from 24% to 81%. Individual smolt length was not a significant predictor of successful lake migration, whilst tributary of origin was a significant predictor for successful lake passage. Minimum lake migration speed varied and ranged from &lt;1 to &gt;6\u2009km\u2009day\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    across tagging groups. The probability of successful lake migration diminished with increasing time in the lake, and the probability of successful migration from most tributaries reduced to 0.5 after lake residence of 7.6\u20138.3\u2009days. Successful migration probability was higher for Roogagh river smolts transiting Lough Melvin, with a 0.5 probability of success retained after 13.8\u2009days of lake residence. The average time of entry into Loughs Neagh and Erne was not random and displayed a unimodal tendency towards late evening. The Lough Melvin tributaries displayed a more scattered pattern of lake entrance, with smolts emanating from the Ballagh tributary revealing a uniform time distribution (Rayleigh Test; mean resultant length\u2009=\u20090.21;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The differences in survival and phenology between the study lakes are likely the result of differential background predation levels, with an influential keystone predator species,\n                    <jats:italic>Esox lucius<\/jats:italic>\n                    , notably absent from Lough Melvin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T22:36:43Z","timestamp":1786401403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative migration success of Atlantic salmon smolts through three large natural lakes"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. J.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri\u2010Food and Biosciences Institute  Belfast Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri\u2010Food and Biosciences Institute  Belfast Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri\u2010Food and Biosciences Institute  Belfast Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2839-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Millane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inland Fisheries Ireland  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2400.1999.00132.x","article-title":"Movements of two strains of radio tagged Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts through a reservoir","volume":"6","author":"Aarestrup K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fisheries Management and Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1577\/T08-200.1","article-title":"Smolt emigration and survival to adulthood in two Icelandic stocks of Atlantic salmon","volume":"139","author":"Antonsson T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.13548","article-title":"Effects of individual variation in length, condition and run\u2010time on return rates of wild\u2010reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts","volume":"92","author":"Armstrong J. D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3271","article-title":"River connectivity re\u2010established: Effects and implications of six weir removals on brown trout smolt migration","volume":"34","author":"Birnie\u2010Gauvin K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"River Research and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2012-0277","article-title":"There and back again: Migration in freshwater fishes","volume":"92","author":"Br\u00f6nmark C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fss013","article-title":"Overview of the status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the North Atlantic and trends in marine mortality","volume":"69","author":"Chaput G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsy156","article-title":"Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt and early post\u2010smolt migration and survival inferred from multi\u2010year and multi\u2010stock acoustic telemetry studies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, northwest Atlantic","volume":"76","author":"Chaput G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b18041","volume-title":"Modelling survival data in medical research","author":"Collett D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/03632415.2015.1038382","article-title":"Muskellunge and northern pike ecology and management: Important issues and research needs","volume":"40","author":"Crane D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2004.00486.x","article-title":"Energetics and morphology of sockeye salmon: Effects of upriver migratory distance and elevation","volume":"65","author":"Crossin G. T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0633.2001.100307.x","article-title":"Estuarine predation on radiotagged wild and domesticated sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) smolts","volume":"10","author":"Dieperink C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2023-0029","article-title":"Predation of Atlantic salmon across ontogenetic stages and impacts on populations","volume":"80","author":"Falkeg\u00e5rd M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00595.x","article-title":"Genetic differentiation among the sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations of lough Melvin, Ireland","volume":"43","author":"Ferguson A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fme.12405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/eff.12641","article-title":"Acoustic telemetry predation sensors reveal the tribulations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts migrating through lakes","volume":"31","author":"Hanssen E. 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ICES Scientific Reorts."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017047527478","article-title":"Survival of radio\u2010tagged Atlantic salmon 820 (Salmo salar L.) and trout (Salmo trutta L.) smolts passing a reservoir during seaward 821 migration","volume":"372","author":"Jepsen N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Lough Neagh","author":"Kennedy G.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1978.tb04177.x","article-title":"Seven years on \u2013 A continuing investigation of salmonid stocks in Lough Erne tributaries","volume":"12","author":"Kennedy G. J. A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15719","article-title":"Does phenology influence predation rate on Salmo trutta parr during lake migration?","volume":"106","author":"Kennedy R. J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15162","article-title":"In\u2010river behaviour and freshwater return rates of sea trout, Salmo trutta L., from two coastal river populations","volume":"101","author":"Kennedy R. J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.13676","article-title":"Migration and survival of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in a large natural lake","volume":"93","author":"Kennedy R. 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S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.14946","article-title":"Predicting how environmental conditions and smolt body length when entering the marine environment impact individual Atlantic salmon Salmo salar adult return rates","volume":"101","author":"Simmons O. M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"Singmann H. Bolker B. Westfall J. Aust F. &Ben\u2010Shachar M.(2023).afex: Analysis of factorial xperiments. R package version 1.3\u20130.https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=afex"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42433-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"TEGOS. (2025).The status of Irish salmon stocks in 2024 with catch advice for 2025. Report of the Technical Expert Group on Salmon (TEGOS) to the North\u2010South Standing Scientific Committee for Inland Fisheries. 60 pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"Therneau T.(2022).A package for survival analysis in R. R package version 3.3\u20131.https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=survival"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03370.x","article-title":"A critical life stage of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: Behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post\u2010smolt migration","volume":"81","author":"Thorstad E. 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