{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:55:06Z","timestamp":1790906106740,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Black Carp\n                    <jats:italic>Mylopharyngodon piceus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are native to most major east Asian drainages and are internationally cultured for use as a food\u2010fish or a biological control for molluscs. We describe the reproductive biology of Black Carp from the growing invasive population in the Mississippi River basin through examination of incidental commercial fisheries and biologist captures. Our objectives were to assess (1) reproductive development by combined macroscopic and histological staging to compare reproductive maturation by total length, estimated age, and latitude; (2) population functions of gonadosomatic index, length and age, and weight and length relationships; and (3) absolute fecundity. We identified length as a better predictor of reproductive maturation than age, with variation among individuals, and between males and females, with higher probability of maturation anticipated for larger and older individuals predicted around 1050\u2009mm total length (TL; 6\u2009years) for females and 950\u2009mm TL (5\u2009years) for males (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009548). Proposed sizes and ages are representative minimum and should be interpreted with the understanding that spawning and recruitment success increase for older, more mature fish than in early stages. Observed growth rates were rapid relative to both native and introduced ranges. We confirmed that Black Carp are developmentally indeterminate batch spawners due to the simultaneous presence of advanced growth oocytes via histology and egg measurements, with preserved egg average diameters ranging from 0.395 to 3.215\u2009mm (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200923). Absolute fecundity estimates ranged from 72,748 to 3,542,789 eggs across the 966 to 1412\u2009mm TL size range of individuals, with substantial variability among individuals attributed to poor relative fecundity estimates. These results represent the first step in assessing the reproductive rates of Mississippi River Black Carp via the size of reproductive development and potential contributions through fecundity. The results and population rates presented here may be used or adapted for future studies on regional spawning phenology and reproductive development, or in population growth models for control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:32:07Z","timestamp":1788586327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Black Carp\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>M<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    <i>ylopharyngodon piceus<\/i>\n                    reproductive development and maturation in the\n                    <scp>M<\/scp>\n                    ississippi\n                    <scp>R<\/scp>\n                    iver basin"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick T.","family":"Kroboth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Herndon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cayla L.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Fred","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1928-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel N.","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy E.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2005.00458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Histotechnology: A self\u2010instructional text","author":"Carson F. 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I.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Ichthyology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1906_43134330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(20000301)286:4<405::AID-JEZ8>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fst200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"Hunter J. R. Lo N. C. H. &Leong R. J. H.(1985).Batch Fecundity in Multiple Spawning Fishes. Technical Report of the National Marine Fisheries Service."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Analysis and interpretation of freshwater fisheries data","author":"Isely J. J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/M06-261.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","volume-title":"OECD Guidance Document for the Diagnosis of Endocrine\u2010Related Histopathology of Fish Gonads","author":"Johnson R.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2008.00279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429113581"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444312133.ch8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2025.107368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3996\/112018-JFWM-102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"Kroboth P. T. Herndon A. M. Carlson C. L. Alvarez R. Wilson T. &George A.(2026).The reproductive development of wild\u2010caught Black CarpMylopharyngodon piceusin North America related to size and age at maturation from 2015 through 2023: U.S. Geological Survey data release.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P13O3ZUI"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10633"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","volume-title":"Invasion ecology second edition","author":"Lockwood J. L.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Analysis and interpretation of freshwater fisheries data","author":"Maciena M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47886\/9781888569681"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Invasive Asian carps in North America","author":"Papoulias D. M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","volume-title":"Assessment of Invasive Carp Reproduction and Ecosystem Response in the Illinois Waterway CAFWS\u2010170A","author":"Parkos J. 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