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Fish are susceptible to this contaminant and are known to modify their behaviour in a variety of ways when exposed, but most information regarding changes in behaviour pertains only to long\u2010term or chronic exposure. Therefore, this study aimed to use zebrafish (\n                    <jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as a model fish species to create a specialized ethogram relevant to acute nitrate contamination and identify any immediate changes in behaviour (within the initial 10\u2009min of exposure). Three water treatments were created in a laboratory setting: water with optimum conditions to support\n                    <jats:italic>D. rerio<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and water with two levels of nitrate concentration: 11\u2009mg\/L NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N and 100\u2009mg\/L NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N. Fish were filmed in each treatment group, and visual review of the footage identified nine unique behaviours. These behaviours were measured in frequency, duration and latency per fish, and the values were compared between treatments. From those, repetitive long movement, repetitive short movement and freezing increased in occurrences in conjunction with sweeping decreasing in occurrence when fish were exposed to higher concentrations of nitrates. The findings suggest that four behaviours (repetitive long movement, repetitive short movement, freezing and sweeping), which immediately change in the presence of high concentrations, may be relevant in indicating exposure to acute nitrate contamination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.70692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:14:47Z","timestamp":1791850487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethogram of zebrafish (\n                    <i>Danio rerio<\/i>\n                    ) after exposure to nitrates"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2587-7317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janey B.","family":"Haddock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Behaviour, Faculty of Sciences Autonomous University of the State of Mexico  Toluca Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8453-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna Karina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Behaviour, Faculty of Sciences Autonomous University of the State of Mexico  Toluca Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1548-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Beristain\u2010Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Metropolitan University, Lerma Unit  Lerma de Villada Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gehovana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inter\u2010American Institute of Water Sciences and Technology Autonomous University of the State of Mexico  Toluca Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Manjarrez\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Biotic Resources Autonomous University of the State of Mexico  Toluca Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1441-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda de Lourdes","family":"Ruiz\u2010G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ecology and Behaviour, Faculty of Sciences Autonomous University of the State of Mexico  Toluca Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/4196"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.07.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06260-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2013.47A012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147796"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Measuring behavior: Ethograms, kinematic diagrams, and time budgets","author":"Brockmann H. 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