{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:15Z","timestamp":1787941995342,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novartis Animal Health Ltd."},{"name":"NSERC engage program"},{"name":"Springboard Atlantic"},{"name":"Northeast Nutrition"},{"name":"Cooke Aquaculture Ltd."},{"name":"Aquatic Animal Facilities and staff at AVC-UPEI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Lepeophtheirus salmonis<\/jats:italic> infections in Atlantic salmon, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>almo salar<\/jats:italic>, have been characterized by little to no hyperplastic response and a biphasic immune response that results in chronic inflammation with tissue repair as the infection progresses. We hypothesized that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content> administration with prior lice exposure would enhance epithelial inflammatory mechanisms and boost the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>tlantic salmon immune response to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0salmonis<\/jats:italic>, leading to greater protection against infection. We administered multiple exposures of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0salmonis<\/jats:italic> to two groups of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>tlantic salmon and compared responses against first\u2010time exposed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>tlantic salmon. Following re\u2010exposure, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content> fed fish exhibited increased skin expression of interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20101\u03b2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012 \u03b2 compared to control previously exposed (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPE<\/jats:styled-content>) and control first\u2010time exposed (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFE<\/jats:styled-content>) animals, respectively. This inflammatory enhancement occurred with significantly lower expression of matrix metalloproteinase\u20109 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content> 9), both systemically (spleen) and locally (skin). Reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content> 9 expression was a hallmark of the re\u2010infected fish (occurred in both tissues at both times). When significant differences were present in the skin or spleen, the two re\u2010exposed groups showed greater similarity than with the first exposure group. Lice numbers on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content> fed fish were significantly lower than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFE<\/jats:styled-content> fish at 7\u00a0days post\u2010re\u2010infection (dpri), and although they were not significantly different at 17\u00a0dpri, the trend of lower lice levels remained. CpG fed fish also showed nearly twofold greater protection than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CPE<\/jats:styled-content> when compared to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFE<\/jats:styled-content> group (48.5% vs. 27.0% reductions at 7\u00a0dpri and 27.2% vs. 13.1% reductions at 17\u00a0dpri, respectively). The enhanced protection of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content> oligodeoxynucleotide administration to previous exposure was consistent across all body surfaces and suggests that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content> can not only enhance innate responses to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0salmonis<\/jats:italic> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>tlantic salmon, but also further stimulate adaptive responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T12:52:43Z","timestamp":1353415963000},"page":"229-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cp<scp>G<\/scp> inclusion in feed reduces sea lice, <i><scp>L<\/scp>epeophtheirus salmonis<\/i>, numbers following re\u2010infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"S L","family":"Purcell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S E","family":"Friend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"Covello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Donkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Nutrition Inc. 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Truro NS Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D B","family":"Groman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Poley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M D","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.08.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"246","volume-title":"Host Immunomodulation by Lepeophtheirus salmonis","author":"Fast M.D.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/H05-043.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Novel Sea Lice Vaccine","author":"Frost P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-4648(06)80014-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.944"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.3.1617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-2-r19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao014179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao075229"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Estimating the cost of sea lice to salmon aquaculture in eastern Canada","volume":"42","author":"Mustafa A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-6-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1418"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1993.1006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"Recombinant Vaccines Against Caligid Copepods (sea lice) and Antigen Sequences Thereof","author":"Ross N.W.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Host rejection of Lernaea cyprinacea L. 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