{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:15Z","timestamp":1787941995338,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,13]],"date-time":"2013-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC engage programme"},{"name":"Springboard Atlantic"},{"name":"Northeast Nutrition and Cooke Aquaculture Ltd."},{"name":"Aquatic Animal Facilities and staff at AVC-UPEI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several immunostimulatory feed additives have shown the ability to induce protective responses in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>tlantic salmon to infection with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>epeophtheirus salmonis<\/jats:italic>. However, even the most encouraging results rarely surpass a 50% protective index in the host. That fact coupled with the well\u2010documented limitations of single\u2010therapy strategies in the effective management of parasitic infections generally make it imperative to identify therapies that can be combined in an integrated pest management approach for sea lice. With this in mind, we hypothesized that immunostimulatory feeds could enhance the protection provided by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLICE<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> emamectin benzoate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMB<\/jats:styled-content>). To test this hypothesis, Atlantic salmon were fed one of two different immunostimulatory feeds (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CpG ODN<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>quate<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) for <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>. 7\u00a0weeks, challenged with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0salmonis<\/jats:italic> copepodids early within that immunostimulatory feed period and then placed on a triple\u2010dose (150\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) feed of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLICE<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> for 1\u00a0week following the completion of the immunostimulatory feeding period. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CpG ODN<\/jats:styled-content> (2\u00a0mg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and the commercial yeast extract (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>quate<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> 0.2%) inclusion in feeds were able to successfully induce inflammatory gene expression (interleukin\u20101\u03b2) in the head kidneys of infected fish at 13 and 26\u00a0days post\u2010exposure (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPE<\/jats:styled-content>), and 13 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPE<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively. Lice burdens were lower on fish fed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CpG ODN<\/jats:styled-content> (18%) or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>quate<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (19%) diets; however, due to variability, these were not statistically significant over time. Despite no statistically significant reductions in lice numbers, by 33 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DPE<\/jats:styled-content> fish on immunostimulatory feeds had significantly reduced cortisol levels when compared to infected fish on control diet. Cortisol levels in fish receiving an immunostimulatory diet were no different from initial baseline levels prior to infection, whereas the levels in control diet fish were significantly elevated from all other time points. Despite the positive effects on infection of fish fed immunostimulatory feeds, no synergism was observed with follow\u2010up treatment with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLICE<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>. In fact, highest survival of lice was observed in fish with prior immunostimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,14]],"date-time":"2013-01-14T04:54:11Z","timestamp":1358139251000},"page":"299-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Combinatorial effects of administration of immunostimulatory compounds in feed and follow\u2010up administration of triple\u2010dose <scp>SLICE<\/scp><sup>\u00ae<\/sup> (<scp>e<\/scp>mamectin benzoate) on <scp>A<\/scp>tlantic salmon, <i><scp>S<\/scp>almo salar<\/i> L., infection with <i><scp>L<\/scp>epeophtheirus salmonis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Poley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S L","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O O","family":"Igboeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Donkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Nutrition Inc. Cooke Aquaculture Ltd. Truro NS Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Wotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M D","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoplite Research Group Department of Pathology and Microbiology Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PE Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2000.00225.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"532","article-title":"A reagent for the single\u2010step simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins rom cell and tissue samples","volume":"15","author":"Chomczynski P.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biotechnique"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"942","article-title":"Modification of the TRI Reagent\u00ae DNA\/Protein isolation procedure for isolation of RNA from polysaccharide \u2013 and proteoglycan \u2013 rich sources","volume":"19","author":"Chomczynski P.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biotechnique"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2008.01011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CovelloJ. PurcellS.L. BurkaJ.F. MarkhamR.J.F. DonkinA. GromanD.B.&FastM.D.(2011)Orally administered immunostimulants affect inflammatory gene expression and sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) burdens on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). 15th International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish Radisson Blu Hotel Split Croatia September 12\u201316.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.08.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2008.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2008.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao035089"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-008-9091-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao052057"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/H05-043.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2007.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"HjelmervikT.O.R. EspedalP.G. KongshaugH. HorsbergT.E.&NilsenF.(2012)Gene expression differences in emamectin benzoate resistant and sensitive salmon lice identified by use of microarray and QPCR. Proceedings of the 9th International Sea Lice conference Bergen Norway May 21\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"HorsbergT.E.(2010)Sea lice treatments: effects side effects and resistance development. Proceedings of the 8th International Sea Lice conference May 9\u201312 Victoria British Columbia Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Pathogens of Wild and Farmed Fish: Sea Lice","author":"Johnson S.C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao014179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao014195"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1992.tb00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001549"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1999.0229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1139\/f99-021","article-title":"Infection with low numbers of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis induces stress\u2010related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"56","author":"Nolan D.T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-6-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","unstructured":"RevieC. DillL. FinstadB.&ToddC.(2009)Sea Lice Working Group Report: Report from the Technical Working Group on Sea Lice (A sub\u2010group of the Working Group on Salmon Disease) of the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue. NINA Special Report 39. pp.117."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"498","article-title":"Local and systemic gene expression responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to infection with the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)","volume":"9","author":"Skugor S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00822-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Gene expression analyses of immune responses in Atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) revealed bi\u2010phasic responses coinciding with the copepod\u2010chalimus transition","volume":"12","author":"Tadiso T.M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.110.035287"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of emamectin and ivermectin residues in Atlantic salmon muscle by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection","volume":"5","author":"Van de Riet J.M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of AOAC International"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1913"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjfd.12062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjfd.12062","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.12062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T02:01:23Z","timestamp":1697335283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jfd.12062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,13]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jfd.12062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.12062","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7775","1365-2761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7775","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,13]]}}}