{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:37:43Z","timestamp":1787765863919,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Red mark syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> strawberry disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US SD<\/jats:styled-content>) are skin disorders affecting rainbow trout farmed in Europe and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>. The disease etiology has not yet been established. In spite of specific investigations, identifying <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\u2010like organism (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RLO<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010 and <jats:italic>Midichloria<\/jats:italic>\u2010like organism (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLO<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010related <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> in affected individuals, these pathogens have never been observed. We performed histological, ultrastructural and biomolecular analysis on skin and spleen samples of trout with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>. Examination by TEM revealed the presence of intracytoplasmic microorganisms resembling Rickettsiales within macrophages, fibroblasts and erythrocytes. The microorganisms were oval or short rod shaped (400\u2013800\u00a0nm in length and 100\u2013200\u00a0nm in width) and often showed a cell wall similar to Gram\u2010negative bacteria. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> analysis for Rickettsiales supported these findings: 53% of affected trout were positive by both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and TEM The primers Ri<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FC<\/jats:styled-content>fw\u2010Ri<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FC<\/jats:styled-content>rev were used to anneal both the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RLO<\/jats:styled-content> 16S <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequence and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MLO<\/jats:styled-content> 16S <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequence. For this reason, and in agreement with previous studies confirming the presence of Rickettsiales\u2010related <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> in trout with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>, we assume that TEM detected microorganisms morphologically consistent with bacteria belonging to Rickettsiales order and could\u00a0be considered as possible causative agents of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T07:28:45Z","timestamp":1479972525000},"page":"907-917","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Ultrastructural and biomolecular detection of Rickettsiales\u2010like organisms in tissues of rainbow trout with Red Mark Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Galeotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science Veterinary Pathology Section and Microbiology Section University of Udine Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science Veterinary Pathology Section and Microbiology Section University of Udine Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Beraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science Veterinary Pathology Section and Microbiology Section University of Udine Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Bulfon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science Veterinary Pathology Section and Microbiology Section University of Udine Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Camerino Matelica Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Volpatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science Veterinary Pathology Section and Microbiology Section University of Udine Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G E","family":"Magi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine University of 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