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External malformations are easily recognized, but there is little information on how external malformations relate to malformations of the axial skeleton: the external phenotype\u2013skeleton link. Here, this link is studied in post\u2010hatch to first\u2010feed life stages of Chinook salmon (<jats:italic>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha<\/jats:italic>) raised at 4, 8 and 12\u00b0C. Specimens were whole\u2010mount\u2010stained for cartilage and bone, and analysed by histology. In all temperature groups, externally normal specimens can have internal malformations, predominantly fused vertebral centra. Conversely, externally malformed fish usually display internal malformations. Externally curled animals typically have malformed haemal and neural arches. External malformations affecting a single region (tail malformation and bent neck) relate to malformed notochords and early fusion of fused vertebral centra. The frequencies of internal malformations in both externally normal and malformed specimens show a U\u2010shaped response, with lowest frequency in 8\u00b0C specimens. The fused vertebral centra that occur in externally normal specimens represent a malformation that can be contained and could be carried through into harvest size animals. This study highlights the relationship between external phenotype and axial skeleton and may help to set the framework for the early identification of skeletal malformations on fish farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]],"date-time":"2017-11-21T06:23:22Z","timestamp":1511245402000},"page":"511-527","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The external phenotype\u2013skeleton link in post\u2010hatch farmed Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2670-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"De Clercq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand"},{"name":"Evolutionary Developmental Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M 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