{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:09:38Z","timestamp":1790820578486,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000094","name":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Flavobacterium psychrophilum,<\/jats:italic> the causative agent of bacterial cold\u2010water disease (BCWD) in freshwater\u2010reared salmonids, is also a common commensal organism of healthy fish. The virulence potential of <jats:italic>F.\u00a0psychrophilum<\/jats:italic> isolates obtained from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BCWD<\/jats:styled-content> cases in Ontario between 1994 and 2009 was evaluated. In preliminary infection trials of rainbow trout juveniles, significant differences (0% to 63% mortality) in the virulence of the 22 isolates tested were noted following intraperitoneal injection with 10<jats:sup>8\u00a0<\/jats:sup>cfu\/fish. A highly virulent strain, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FPG<\/jats:styled-content> 101, was selected for further study. When fish were injected intraperitoneally with a 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>, 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> or 10<jats:sup>8\u00a0<\/jats:sup>cfu\/fish of <jats:italic>F.\u00a0psychrophilum <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FPG<\/jats:styled-content> 101, the 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\u00a0cfu\/fish dose produced significantly greater mortality (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The bacterial load in spleen samples collected from fish every 3\u00a0days after infection was determined using <jats:italic>rpoC<\/jats:italic> quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification and by plate counting. Bacterial culture and <jats:italic>rpoC <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content> were highly correlated (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.92); however, culture was more sensitive than the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content> assay for the detection of <jats:italic>F.\u00a0psychrophilum<\/jats:italic> in spleen tissue. Ninety\u2010seven per cent of the asymptomatic and the morbid fish had splenic bacterial loads of &lt;2.8 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> gene\/copies and &gt;3.0 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> gene copies\/reaction, respectively, following infection with 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\u00a0cfu\/fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T05:04:41Z","timestamp":1533618281000},"page":"1505-1514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Virulence of <i>Flavobacterium psychrophilum<\/i> isolates in rainbow trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/i> (Walbaum)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Maureen","family":"Jarau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Pathology Laboratory Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Di Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Pathology Laboratory Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Pathology Laboratory Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet I.","family":"MacInnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3455-4197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John S.","family":"Lumsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Pathology Laboratory Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada"},{"name":"Adjunct Faculty St. George's University True Blue Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.35.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.78.1.25-32.1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"First identification of \u201cCytophaga psychrophila\u201d; in France","volume":"8","author":"Bernardet J. 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