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Particularly, the early time of interactions between helminths and their hosts might be decisive for their infection success. We used the cestode <jats:italic>Schistocephalus solidus<\/jats:italic>, and its highly specific second intermediate host, the three\u2010spined stickleback (<jats:italic>Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/jats:italic>) to investigate parasite infection and host cellular immune responses starting 1\u00a0day postexposure (dpe). We recovered live parasites from stickleback body cavities already 24\u00a0hr after exposure. Infection rates increased up to 50% and did not change from 4 dpe onwards. Thus, not all parasites had reached the body cavity at the early time points and clearance of the parasite at later time points did not occur. Stickleback head kidney leucocytes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HKL<\/jats:styled-content>s) did not show distinct signs of activation and lymphocyte proliferation, granulocyte\u2010to\u2010lymphocyte ratios and respiratory burst activity of infected sticklebacks did not deviate from controls significantly. The immune system was activated only late, as indicated by an increase in the total count of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HKL<\/jats:styled-content> relative to stickleback weight (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HKL<\/jats:styled-content> per mg fish), which was significantly elevated in infected fish 32 dpe. <jats:italic>S.\u00a0solidus<\/jats:italic> seems to evade leucocyte activity early during infection facilitating its establishment in the hosts\u2019 body cavity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T05:30:23Z","timestamp":1533187823000},"page":"1701-1708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early stages of infection of three\u2010spined stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus<\/i>) with the cestode <i>Schistocephalus solidus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Anika Marie","family":"Wohlleben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Hamley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Kurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4291-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rn Peter","family":"Scharsack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Toxicological effects of leather dyes on total leukocyte count of fresh water teleost, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham)","volume":"1","author":"Afaq S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991466"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853908792451403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"An eDNA\u2010qPCR assay to detect the presence of the parasite Schistocephalus solidus inside the threespine stickleback host","volume":"10","author":"Berger C. 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