{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:41:51Z","timestamp":1777419711724,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011887","name":"Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011887","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007128","name":"Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Myxobolus cerebralis<\/jats:italic> (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae), the aetiological agent of salmonid whirling disease, was detected in 2 river basins of North Carolina during 2015, which initiated the largest spatial\u2013temporal monitoring project for the disease ever conducted within the south\u2010eastern United States (focused mainly in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina). A total of 2072 rainbow trout <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/jats:italic>, 1,004 brown trout <jats:italic>Salmo trutta<\/jats:italic> and 468 brook trout <jats:italic>Salvelinus fontinalis<\/jats:italic> were screened from 113 localities within 7 river basins during June 2017 through October 2019. Infections were detected by pepsin\u2013trypsin digest, microscopy and the species\u2010specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 19 localities across 6 river basins. Myxospore morphology was indistinguishable from the published literature. In 2019, five rainbow trout that symptomatic for whirling disease (sloping neurocranium and lordosis) were captured and processed for histopathology. Myxospores were detected in the calvarial cartilage of two deformed trout with associated erosion of the cartilage consistent with reported whirling disease lesions. This is the first report of <jats:italic>M.\u00a0cerebralis<\/jats:italic> in Tennessee and the first histologically confirmed cases of whirling disease in southern Appalachian (south\u2010eastern United States) rivers and streams and expands the distribution of <jats:italic>M.\u00a0cerebralis<\/jats:italic> throughout western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T23:49:20Z","timestamp":1591228160000},"page":"813-820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An updated geographic distribution of <i>Myxobolus cerebralis<\/i> (Hofer, 1903) (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) and the first diagnosed case of whirling disease in wild\u2010caught trout in the south\u2010eastern United States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5769-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P.","family":"Ksepka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences College of Agriculture Auburn University Auburn AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Rash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Marion NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Simcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doug A.","family":"Besler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences College of Agriculture Auburn University Auburn AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haley R.","family":"Dutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences College of Agriculture Auburn University Auburn AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5008-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micah B.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences College of Agriculture Auburn University Auburn AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6681-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Bullard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences College of Agriculture Auburn University Auburn AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005511627247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao034145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2007.00834.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The history and dissemination of whirling disease","volume":"26","author":"Bartholomew J. 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