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We addressed this gap in knowledge by utilizing scanning electron microscopy to provide the first reported evidence for the production of EVs by <jats:italic>R. salmoninarum<\/jats:italic> strain H\u20102. Dispersive light scattering detected that the EVs were heterogeneous in size, and the protein compositions were similar to the bacterial membrane and contained the virulent protein factors p22 and p57. The EVs additionally had a concentrated negative charge compared with <jats:italic>R.\u00a0salmoninarum<\/jats:italic> H\u20102, as determined by Z potential. Finally, these particles seemed to play a role in host invasion in vitro in the salmon head kidney cell line, as demonstrated by the occurrence of a cytotoxic effect within the first 48\u00a0hr post\u2010infection. Higher EV concentrations (i.e. 52.6\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml) were more toxic than <jats:italic>R.\u00a0salmoninarum<\/jats:italic> H\u20102. This information serves as a foundation to develop and test possible uses for <jats:italic>R.\u00a0salmoninarum<\/jats:italic> EVs in salmon aquaculture, inspiring future advances against bacterial kidney disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T15:06:06Z","timestamp":1615215966000},"page":"1015-1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evidence for the existence of extracellular vesicles in <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum<\/i> and related cytotoxic effects on SHK\u20101 cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Macarena","family":"Echeverr\u00eda\u2010Bugue\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Espectroscopia Vibracional y Materiales Moleculares Instituto de Qu\u00edmica Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica De Valpara\u00edso Valpara\u00edso Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda de Organismos Acu\u00e1ticos y Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR) Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Balada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica Instituto de Qu\u00edmica Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica De Valpara\u00edso Valpara\u00edso Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rute","family":"Irgang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda de Organismos Acu\u00e1ticos y Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR) Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5368-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Avenda\u00f1o\u2010Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda de Organismos Acu\u00e1ticos y Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR) Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Marina Quintay (CIMARQ) Universidad And\u00e9s Bello Quintay Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12456"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Biochemical, serological, and genetic characterisation of Renibacterium salmoninarum isolates recovered from salmonids in Chile","volume":"37","author":"Bethke J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1996.0016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao001083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao034223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006472"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.11.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"511","article-title":"An improved growth medium for the kidney bacterium and some notes on using the medium","volume":"87","author":"Evelyn T. 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