{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:09:15Z","timestamp":1787162955081,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a skin disorder affecting rainbow trout (\n                    <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The present work aimed to correlate the gross skin lesions affecting 46 fish sampled from farms surveyed for RMS with their microscopic features, identifying histological parameters that may be suggestive of disease progression. Skin lesions were grossly included in one of three categories (types I, II and III) according to the progressive degree of severity. Histological parameters and anti\u2010proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) tissue immunoreactivity were semi\u2010quantitatively assessed. In the dermis, PCNA\u2010positive lymphocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells were indicative of active phlogosis. A significant increase in PCNA\u2010immunoreactive lymphocytes, from gross type I to type III cases, was found only in the hypodermis. The histological parameters significantly associated with the gross lesion severity were progressive loss of the epithelium and scales, recruitment of inflammatory cells in the\n                    <jats:italic>stratum compactum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , loss of architecture of the\n                    <jats:italic>stratum compactum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , perivascular and perineural granulomatous inflammation and increase in lymphocyte infiltration of the muscular layer. In the type II and type III categories, inflammation in the hypodermis and muscle displayed a granulomatous pattern, reinforcing the hypothesis of an immunopathological mechanism. The morphological diagnosis of \u201cdeep chronic dermatitis associated to panniculitis and myositis, characterised by lympho\u2010histiocytic and granulomatous reaction\u201d is suggested.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T19:27:23Z","timestamp":1620674843000},"page":"1325-1336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Red mark syndrome of trout (\n                    <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/i>\n                    ; Walbaum, 1792): Histopathological scoring and correlation with gross lesions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1378-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Galeotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Unit DI4A University of Udine  Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6405-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Sarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8603-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Sirri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Mandrioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5806-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Beraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Unit DI4A University of Udine  Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bronzatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish farm Veterinary Consultant  Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Giavenni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish farm Veterinary Consultant  Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Orioles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Unit DI4A University of Udine  Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7766-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.E.","family":"Magi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Camerino  Matelica Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6300-1735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Volpatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pathology Unit DI4A University of Udine  Udine Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Workshop on salmonid skin diseases","author":"Bruno D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2019.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.18.630"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0769\u20102617(85)80072\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Red mark syndrome\/cold water strawberry disease: Emergence in Italy and histopathological investigations","author":"Galeotti M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13336"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470752487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"18th International Conference of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","author":"Henriksen N. H.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.31.197"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"First observation of Red Mark Syndrome (RMS) in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1972) in Turkey","volume":"34","author":"Kubilay A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Dermatitides in cultured rainbow trout","author":"LaPatra S. E.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198411293112204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5317-7.00006-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2010.01187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735485"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Red Mark Syndrome (RMS)","volume":"31","author":"Noguera P.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fish Farmer"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Red Mark Syndrome\/Cold water strawberry disease. Epidemiological study","volume":"6","author":"Oidtmann B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Finfish News"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.1985.tb01191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"StatPearls Publishing","author":"Rixe N.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Red Mark Syndrome (RMS)","volume":"6","author":"Rodger H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Finfish News"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08997659.2015.1114534"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"90","article-title":"Appearance of Red Mark Syndrome (RMS) in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1972) in Iran","volume":"36","author":"Sasani F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume-title":"Rainbow trout red mark syndrome lesion development visualized","author":"Schmidt J. G.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Strawberry disease in rainbow trout","volume":"37","author":"St\u2010Hilaire S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trout News"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Studies on Red Mark Syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Verner\u2010Jeffreys D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Finfish News"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01916"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2019.03.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.13391","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jfd.13391","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.13391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T08:14:40Z","timestamp":1711008880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jfd.13391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jfd.13391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.13391","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7775","1365-2761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7775","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}